288
1998. A landscape plan based on historical fire
regimes for a managed forest ecosystem: the August
Creek study. PNW-GTR-422. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Clark, J. S. 1990. Fire and climate change during the last
750 yr in northwestern Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr.
60:135-159.
Cole, K. L.; Taylor, R S. 1995. Past and current trends
of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed
through a multiple-scale history. 1. Veg. Sci. 6:399410.
Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1994a. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: changes since EuroAmerican settlement. 1. For. 92:39-47.
Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1994b. Postsettlement
changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure:
Ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine
forests. 1. Sustainable For. 2:153-181.
De1court, H. R; De1court, P. A. 1988. Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Eco!. 2:23-44.
De1court, H. R; De1court, P. A. 1996. Presettlement
landscape heterogeneity: evaluating grain of resolution
using General Land Office Survey data. Landscape
Eco!. 11:363-381.
Everett, R; Hessburg, P.; Jensen, M.; Bormann, B. 1994.
Volume I: executive summary. PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.
Fall, P. L. 1997. Fire history and composition of the subalpine forest of western Colorado during the Holocene.
1. Biogeogr. 24:309-325.
Fire, P. L. 1997. Fire history and composition of the subalpine forest of western Colorado during the Holocene.
1. Biogeogr. 24:309-325.
Fall, P. L.; Lindquist, C. A.; Falconer, S. E. 1990. Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East: a record of
paleovegetation and human disturbance. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S., eds.
Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic
change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press:
408-427.
Filip, G. M.; Torgersen, T. R; Parks, C. A. 1996. Insect
and disease factors in the Blue Mountains. In: laindl, R
G.; Quigley, T. M., eds. Search for a solution: sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains. Washington, DC: American Forests: 169-202.
Finley, R B., Jr. 1990. Woodrat ecology and behavior
and the interpretation of paleomiddens. In: Betancourt,
I. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic change.
Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 28-42.
Fischer, W. c.; Bradley, A. F. 1987. Fire ecology of
western Montana forest habitat types. INT -GTR-223.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Fischer, W. c.; Clayton, B. D. 1983. Fire ecology of
Montana forest habitat types east of the Continental
Divide. INT-GTR-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Methods for Determining Historical Range of Variability
Foster, D. R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and
vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA.
1. Ecol. 80:753-772.
Foster, D. R; Zebryk, T. M. 1993. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsugadominated forest in New England. Ecology 74:982998.
Frissell, C. A.; Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem management
and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity. Water Resour. Bull. 32:229-240.
Fritts, H. C.; Swetnam, T. W. 1989. Dendroecology: a
tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments. Adv. Ecol. Res. 19:111-188.
Fule, P. Z.; Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecol.
Appl.7:895-908.
Galatowitsch, S. M. 1990. Using the original land survey notes to reconstruct presettlement landscapes in
the American West. Great Basin Natur. 50:181-191.
Gehlbach, F. R 1981. Mountain islands and desert seas.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Goldberg, D. E.; Turner, R M. 1986. Vegetation change
and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecology 67:695-712.
Grimm, E. C. 1984. Fire and other factors controlling
the Big Woods vegetation of Minnesota in the midnineteenth century. Ecol. Monogr. 54:291-311.
Grimm, E. C. 1988. Data analysis and display. In: Huntley, B.; Webb, T., III, eds. Vegetation history. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic: 43-76.
Gruell, G. E.; Schmidt, W. C.; Arno, S. F.; Reich, W. 1.
1982. Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in Western Montana-implications for resource management. INT-GTR-130.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Habeck, J. R. 1994. Using general land office records to
assess forest succession in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir
forests in western Montana. Northw. Sci. 68:69-78.
Harvey, A. E. 1994. Integrated roles for insects, diseases
and decomposers in fire dominated forests of the inland western United States: past, present, and future
forest health. 1. Sustainable For. 2:211-220.
Hastings, J. R; Turner, R M. 1965. The changing mile:
an ecological study of vegetation change with time in
the lower mile of an arid and semiarid region. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
He, H. S.; Mladenoff, D. J. 1999. Spatially explicit and
stochastic simulation of forest-landscape fire disturbance and succession. Ecology 80:81-99.
Heinselman, M. L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary
Res. 3:329-382.
Hessburg, P. F.; Mitchell, R G.; Filip, G. M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in
eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes.
PNW-GTR-327. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
1998. A landscape plan based on historical fire
regimes for a managed forest ecosystem: the August
Creek study. PNW-GTR-422. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Clark, J. S. 1990. Fire and climate change during the last
750 yr in northwestern Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr.
60:135-159.
Cole, K. L.; Taylor, R S. 1995. Past and current trends
of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed
through a multiple-scale history. 1. Veg. Sci. 6:399410.
Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1994a. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: changes since EuroAmerican settlement. 1. For. 92:39-47.
Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1994b. Postsettlement
changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure:
Ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine
forests. 1. Sustainable For. 2:153-181.
De1court, H. R; De1court, P. A. 1988. Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Eco!. 2:23-44.
De1court, H. R; De1court, P. A. 1996. Presettlement
landscape heterogeneity: evaluating grain of resolution
using General Land Office Survey data. Landscape
Eco!. 11:363-381.
Everett, R; Hessburg, P.; Jensen, M.; Bormann, B. 1994.
Volume I: executive summary. PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.
Fall, P. L. 1997. Fire history and composition of the subalpine forest of western Colorado during the Holocene.
1. Biogeogr. 24:309-325.
Fire, P. L. 1997. Fire history and composition of the subalpine forest of western Colorado during the Holocene.
1. Biogeogr. 24:309-325.
Fall, P. L.; Lindquist, C. A.; Falconer, S. E. 1990. Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East: a record of
paleovegetation and human disturbance. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S., eds.
Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic
change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press:
408-427.
Filip, G. M.; Torgersen, T. R; Parks, C. A. 1996. Insect
and disease factors in the Blue Mountains. In: laindl, R
G.; Quigley, T. M., eds. Search for a solution: sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains. Washington, DC: American Forests: 169-202.
Finley, R B., Jr. 1990. Woodrat ecology and behavior
and the interpretation of paleomiddens. In: Betancourt,
I. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic change.
Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 28-42.
Fischer, W. c.; Bradley, A. F. 1987. Fire ecology of
western Montana forest habitat types. INT -GTR-223.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Fischer, W. c.; Clayton, B. D. 1983. Fire ecology of
Montana forest habitat types east of the Continental
Divide. INT-GTR-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Methods for Determining Historical Range of Variability
Foster, D. R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and
vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA.
1. Ecol. 80:753-772.
Foster, D. R; Zebryk, T. M. 1993. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsugadominated forest in New England. Ecology 74:982998.
Frissell, C. A.; Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem management
and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity. Water Resour. Bull. 32:229-240.
Fritts, H. C.; Swetnam, T. W. 1989. Dendroecology: a
tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments. Adv. Ecol. Res. 19:111-188.
Fule, P. Z.; Covington, W. W.; Moore, M. M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecol.
Appl.7:895-908.
Galatowitsch, S. M. 1990. Using the original land survey notes to reconstruct presettlement landscapes in
the American West. Great Basin Natur. 50:181-191.
Gehlbach, F. R 1981. Mountain islands and desert seas.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Goldberg, D. E.; Turner, R M. 1986. Vegetation change
and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecology 67:695-712.
Grimm, E. C. 1984. Fire and other factors controlling
the Big Woods vegetation of Minnesota in the midnineteenth century. Ecol. Monogr. 54:291-311.
Grimm, E. C. 1988. Data analysis and display. In: Huntley, B.; Webb, T., III, eds. Vegetation history. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic: 43-76.
Gruell, G. E.; Schmidt, W. C.; Arno, S. F.; Reich, W. 1.
1982. Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in Western Montana-implications for resource management. INT-GTR-130.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Habeck, J. R. 1994. Using general land office records to
assess forest succession in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir
forests in western Montana. Northw. Sci. 68:69-78.
Harvey, A. E. 1994. Integrated roles for insects, diseases
and decomposers in fire dominated forests of the inland western United States: past, present, and future
forest health. 1. Sustainable For. 2:211-220.
Hastings, J. R; Turner, R M. 1965. The changing mile:
an ecological study of vegetation change with time in
the lower mile of an arid and semiarid region. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
He, H. S.; Mladenoff, D. J. 1999. Spatially explicit and
stochastic simulation of forest-landscape fire disturbance and succession. Ecology 80:81-99.
Heinselman, M. L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary
Res. 3:329-382.
Hessburg, P. F.; Mitchell, R G.; Filip, G. M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in
eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes.
PNW-GTR-327. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.