19.13 References
determine in part which methods can be used (i.e.,
presence of fire-scarred trees, packrats, General
Land Office survey records, historical photographs,
etc.). The advantages, limitations, and spatial and
temporal resolutions of methods should be clearly
understood and, where possible, complementary
methods should be used together to compensate for
limitations in each method and paint a more complete picture of an area's HRV.
19.13 References
Abrams, M. D.; McCay, D. M. 1996. Vegetation-site relationships of witness trees (1780-1856) in the presettlement forests of eastern West Virginia. Can. 1.
For. Res. 26:217-224.
Abrams, M. D.; Ruffner, C. M. 1995. Physiographic
analysis of witness-tree distribution (1765-1798) and
present forest cover through north central Pennsylvania. Can. 1. For. Res. 25:659-668.
Allen, C. D.; Breshears, D. D. 1998. Drought-induced
shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape
response to climate variation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
95:14839-14842.
Anderson, R S.; Van Devender, T. R 1995. Vegetation
history and paleoclimates of the coastal lowlands of
Sonora, Mexico-pollen records from packrat middens. 1. Arid Environ. 30:295-306.
Arno, S. F.; Reinhardt, E. D.; Scott, J. H. 1993. Forest
structure and landscape patterns in the subalpine
lodgepole pine type: a procedure for quantifying past
and present conditions. INT-GTR-294.0gden, UT:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Arsenault, D.; Payette, S. 1997. Landscape change following deforestation at the arctic tree line in Quebec,
Canada. Ecology 78:693-706.
Austin, M. P.; Nicholls, A. 0.; Margules, C. R 1990.
Measurement of the realized qualitative niche: environmental niches of five Eucalyptus species. Eco!.
Monogr.60:161-177.
Bahre, C. J. 1991. A legacy of change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Bahre, C. J.; Bradbury, D. E. 1978. Vegetation change
along the Arizona-Sonora boundary. Ann. Assoc.
Amer. Geogr.68:145-165.
Bahre, C. J.; Shelton, M. L. 1993. Historic vegetation
change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. 1. Biogeogr. 20:489-504.
Bailey, R. G.; Jensen, M. E.; Cleland, D. T.; Bourgeron,
P. S. 1994. Design and use of ecological mapping
units. In Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds.
Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 95-106.
Baker, W.L. 1988. Size-class structure of contiguous riparian woodlands along a Rocky Mountain river. Phys.
Geogr. 9: 1-14.
Baker, W. L. 1989. Landscape ecology and nature re287
serve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area,
Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
Baker, W. L.; Veblen, T. T. 1990. Spruce beetles and
fires in the nineteenth-century subalpine forest of
western Colorado, U.S.A Arctic Alp. Res. 22:65-80.
Barrett, S. W.; Amo, S. F.; Menakis, J. P. 1997. Fire
episodes in the inland Northwest (1540-1940) based
on fire history data. INT-GTR-370. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Berglund, B. E., editor. 1986. Handbook of holocene paleoecology and palaeohydrology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Rose, M. 1986.
Comparison of plant macrofossils in woodrat
(Neotoma sp.) and porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
middens from the western United States. 1. Mammal.
67:266-273.
Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S.,
editors. 1990. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years
of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona
Press.
Birks, H. J. B.; Birks, H. H. 1980. Quaternary palaeoecology. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
Bourdo, E. A, Jr. 1956. A review of the General Land
Office survey and of its use in quantitative studies of
former forests. Ecology 37:754-768.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E. 1994. An overview of
ecological principles for ecosystem management. In:
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res.: 45-67.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. C.; DeVelice, R L.;
Jensen, M. E. 1994. Ecological theory in relation to
landscape evaluation and ecosystem characterization.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 58-72.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; Jensen, M. E.; Auerbach, N. A; Barber, J. A Development of hierarchical land classifications based on biophysical environment criteria: a test of the predictive power of three
systems. Submitted, Landscape Ecol.
Bryant, V. M., Jr.; Holloway, R G., editors. 1985. Pollen
records of Late-Quaternary North American sediments. Dallas, TX: Amer. Assoc. Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation.
Camp, A.; Oliver, c.; Hessburg, P.; Everett, R 1997.
Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains. For.
Eco!' Manage. 95:63-77.
Chou, Y. H.; Minnich, R A; Chase, R. A. 1993. Mapping probability of fire occurrence in San Jacinto
Mountains, California, USA Environ. Manage. 17:
129-140.
Cissel, J. H.; Swanson, F. J.; Grant, G. E.; Olson, D. H.;
Gregory, S. V.; Garman, S. L.; Ashkenas, L. R;
Hunter, M. G.; Kertis, J. A.; Mayo, J. H.; McSwain,
M. D.; Swetland, S. G.; Swindle, K. A; Wallin, D. O.
determine in part which methods can be used (i.e.,
presence of fire-scarred trees, packrats, General
Land Office survey records, historical photographs,
etc.). The advantages, limitations, and spatial and
temporal resolutions of methods should be clearly
understood and, where possible, complementary
methods should be used together to compensate for
limitations in each method and paint a more complete picture of an area's HRV.
19.13 References
Abrams, M. D.; McCay, D. M. 1996. Vegetation-site relationships of witness trees (1780-1856) in the presettlement forests of eastern West Virginia. Can. 1.
For. Res. 26:217-224.
Abrams, M. D.; Ruffner, C. M. 1995. Physiographic
analysis of witness-tree distribution (1765-1798) and
present forest cover through north central Pennsylvania. Can. 1. For. Res. 25:659-668.
Allen, C. D.; Breshears, D. D. 1998. Drought-induced
shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape
response to climate variation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
95:14839-14842.
Anderson, R S.; Van Devender, T. R 1995. Vegetation
history and paleoclimates of the coastal lowlands of
Sonora, Mexico-pollen records from packrat middens. 1. Arid Environ. 30:295-306.
Arno, S. F.; Reinhardt, E. D.; Scott, J. H. 1993. Forest
structure and landscape patterns in the subalpine
lodgepole pine type: a procedure for quantifying past
and present conditions. INT-GTR-294.0gden, UT:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Arsenault, D.; Payette, S. 1997. Landscape change following deforestation at the arctic tree line in Quebec,
Canada. Ecology 78:693-706.
Austin, M. P.; Nicholls, A. 0.; Margules, C. R 1990.
Measurement of the realized qualitative niche: environmental niches of five Eucalyptus species. Eco!.
Monogr.60:161-177.
Bahre, C. J. 1991. A legacy of change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Bahre, C. J.; Bradbury, D. E. 1978. Vegetation change
along the Arizona-Sonora boundary. Ann. Assoc.
Amer. Geogr.68:145-165.
Bahre, C. J.; Shelton, M. L. 1993. Historic vegetation
change, mesquite increases, and climate in southeastern Arizona. 1. Biogeogr. 20:489-504.
Bailey, R. G.; Jensen, M. E.; Cleland, D. T.; Bourgeron,
P. S. 1994. Design and use of ecological mapping
units. In Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds.
Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 95-106.
Baker, W.L. 1988. Size-class structure of contiguous riparian woodlands along a Rocky Mountain river. Phys.
Geogr. 9: 1-14.
Baker, W. L. 1989. Landscape ecology and nature re287
serve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area,
Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
Baker, W. L.; Veblen, T. T. 1990. Spruce beetles and
fires in the nineteenth-century subalpine forest of
western Colorado, U.S.A Arctic Alp. Res. 22:65-80.
Barrett, S. W.; Amo, S. F.; Menakis, J. P. 1997. Fire
episodes in the inland Northwest (1540-1940) based
on fire history data. INT-GTR-370. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Berglund, B. E., editor. 1986. Handbook of holocene paleoecology and palaeohydrology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Rose, M. 1986.
Comparison of plant macrofossils in woodrat
(Neotoma sp.) and porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
middens from the western United States. 1. Mammal.
67:266-273.
Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R; Martin, P. S.,
editors. 1990. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years
of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona
Press.
Birks, H. J. B.; Birks, H. H. 1980. Quaternary palaeoecology. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
Bourdo, E. A, Jr. 1956. A review of the General Land
Office survey and of its use in quantitative studies of
former forests. Ecology 37:754-768.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E. 1994. An overview of
ecological principles for ecosystem management. In:
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res.: 45-67.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. C.; DeVelice, R L.;
Jensen, M. E. 1994. Ecological theory in relation to
landscape evaluation and ecosystem characterization.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 58-72.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; Jensen, M. E.; Auerbach, N. A; Barber, J. A Development of hierarchical land classifications based on biophysical environment criteria: a test of the predictive power of three
systems. Submitted, Landscape Ecol.
Bryant, V. M., Jr.; Holloway, R G., editors. 1985. Pollen
records of Late-Quaternary North American sediments. Dallas, TX: Amer. Assoc. Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation.
Camp, A.; Oliver, c.; Hessburg, P.; Everett, R 1997.
Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains. For.
Eco!' Manage. 95:63-77.
Chou, Y. H.; Minnich, R A; Chase, R. A. 1993. Mapping probability of fire occurrence in San Jacinto
Mountains, California, USA Environ. Manage. 17:
129-140.
Cissel, J. H.; Swanson, F. J.; Grant, G. E.; Olson, D. H.;
Gregory, S. V.; Garman, S. L.; Ashkenas, L. R;
Hunter, M. G.; Kertis, J. A.; Mayo, J. H.; McSwain,
M. D.; Swetland, S. G.; Swindle, K. A; Wallin, D. O.