19.13 References
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo Rocky
Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.: 11-32.
Swetnam, T. W.; Betancourt, J. L. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic
variability in the American Southwest. J. Climate
11:3128-3147.
Swetnam, T. W.; Allen, C. D.; Betancourt, J. L. 1999.
Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage
the future. Ecol. Appl. 9:1189-1206.
Urban, D. L.; Shugart, H. H. 1992. Individual-based
models of forest succession. In: Glenn-Lewin, D. C.;
Peet, R. K.; Veblen, T. T., eds. Plant succession: theory and prediction. London: Chapman & Hall: 249293.
USDA Forest Service (USFS). 1996. Final environmental impact statement: Managing California spotted
owl habitat in the Sierra Nevada National Forests of
California-An ecosystem approach (CALOWL EIS).
2 vols. Berkeley, CA: U.S. For. Serv., Pacific Southw.
Res. Sta.
Uutala, A J. 1990. Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae)
mandibles: paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes.
J. Paleolimnol. 4: 139-152.
Van Deelen, T. R.; Pregitzer, K. S.; Haufler, J. B. 1996.
A comparison of presettlement and present -day forests
in two northern Michigan deer yards. Amer. Midland
Naturalist 135:181-194.
Van Devender, T. R.; Spaulding, W. G. 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern
United States. Science 204:701-710.
Van Devender, T. R.; Betancourt, J. L.; Wimberly, M.
1984. Biogeographic implications of a packrat midden
sequence from the Sacramento Mountains, southcentral New Mexico. Quaternary Res. 22:344-360.
Vaughan, T. A 1990. Ecology ofliving packrats. In: Be291
tancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R.; Martin, P. S.,
eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic
change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press:
14-27.
Veblen, T. T.; Lorenz, D. C. 1991. The Colorado Front
Range: a century of ecological change. Salt Lake City,
UT: University of Utah Press.
Veblen, T. T.; Markgraf, V. 1988. Steppe expansion in
Patagonia. Quaternary Res. 30:331-338.
Veblen, T. T.; Hadley, K. S.; Reid, M. S. 1991. Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado subalpine
forest. J. Biogeogr. 18:707-716.
Wells, P. V. 1976. Macrofossil analysis of wood rat
(Neotoma) middens as a key to the Quaternary vegetational history of arid America. Quaternary Res.
6:223-248.
White, M. A; Mladenoff, D. J. 1994. Old-growth forest
landscape transitions from pre-European settlement to
present. Landscape Ecol. 9:191-205.
White, P. S.; Walker, J. L. 1997. Approximating nature's
variation: selecting and using reference information in
restoration ecology. Restor. Ecol. 5:338-349.
Whitlock, C. 1992. Vegetational and climatic history of
the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: implications for understanding present-day biodiversity.
Northw. Environ. J. 8:5-28.
Whitlock, C. 1993. Postglacial vegetation and climate of
Grand Teton and southern Yellowstone National
Parks. Ecol. Monogr. 63:173-198.
Whitlock, C.; Millspaugh, S. H. 1996. Testing the assumption of fire-history studies: an examination of
modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA Holocene 6:7-15.
Whitney, G. G. 1986. Relation of Michigan'S presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history.
Ecology 67:1548-1559.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo Rocky
Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.: 11-32.
Swetnam, T. W.; Betancourt, J. L. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic
variability in the American Southwest. J. Climate
11:3128-3147.
Swetnam, T. W.; Allen, C. D.; Betancourt, J. L. 1999.
Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage
the future. Ecol. Appl. 9:1189-1206.
Urban, D. L.; Shugart, H. H. 1992. Individual-based
models of forest succession. In: Glenn-Lewin, D. C.;
Peet, R. K.; Veblen, T. T., eds. Plant succession: theory and prediction. London: Chapman & Hall: 249293.
USDA Forest Service (USFS). 1996. Final environmental impact statement: Managing California spotted
owl habitat in the Sierra Nevada National Forests of
California-An ecosystem approach (CALOWL EIS).
2 vols. Berkeley, CA: U.S. For. Serv., Pacific Southw.
Res. Sta.
Uutala, A J. 1990. Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae)
mandibles: paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes.
J. Paleolimnol. 4: 139-152.
Van Deelen, T. R.; Pregitzer, K. S.; Haufler, J. B. 1996.
A comparison of presettlement and present -day forests
in two northern Michigan deer yards. Amer. Midland
Naturalist 135:181-194.
Van Devender, T. R.; Spaulding, W. G. 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern
United States. Science 204:701-710.
Van Devender, T. R.; Betancourt, J. L.; Wimberly, M.
1984. Biogeographic implications of a packrat midden
sequence from the Sacramento Mountains, southcentral New Mexico. Quaternary Res. 22:344-360.
Vaughan, T. A 1990. Ecology ofliving packrats. In: Be291
tancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R.; Martin, P. S.,
eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic
change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press:
14-27.
Veblen, T. T.; Lorenz, D. C. 1991. The Colorado Front
Range: a century of ecological change. Salt Lake City,
UT: University of Utah Press.
Veblen, T. T.; Markgraf, V. 1988. Steppe expansion in
Patagonia. Quaternary Res. 30:331-338.
Veblen, T. T.; Hadley, K. S.; Reid, M. S. 1991. Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado subalpine
forest. J. Biogeogr. 18:707-716.
Wells, P. V. 1976. Macrofossil analysis of wood rat
(Neotoma) middens as a key to the Quaternary vegetational history of arid America. Quaternary Res.
6:223-248.
White, M. A; Mladenoff, D. J. 1994. Old-growth forest
landscape transitions from pre-European settlement to
present. Landscape Ecol. 9:191-205.
White, P. S.; Walker, J. L. 1997. Approximating nature's
variation: selecting and using reference information in
restoration ecology. Restor. Ecol. 5:338-349.
Whitlock, C. 1992. Vegetational and climatic history of
the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: implications for understanding present-day biodiversity.
Northw. Environ. J. 8:5-28.
Whitlock, C. 1993. Postglacial vegetation and climate of
Grand Teton and southern Yellowstone National
Parks. Ecol. Monogr. 63:173-198.
Whitlock, C.; Millspaugh, S. H. 1996. Testing the assumption of fire-history studies: an examination of
modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA Holocene 6:7-15.
Whitney, G. G. 1986. Relation of Michigan'S presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history.
Ecology 67:1548-1559.