18.7 References
Moran, M. D.; Wesley, D. A.; Lee, T. J.; Copeland, J.
H. 1992. A comprehensive meteorological modeling
system-RAMS. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 49:69-91.
Potter; M. W.; Kessell, S. R.; Cattelino, P. J. 1979. FORPLAN: a forest planning language and simulator. Environ. Manage. 3:59-72.
Prentice, I. c.; Cramer, W.; Harrison, S. P.; Leemans,
R.; Monserud, R. A.; Solomon, A. M. 1992. A global
biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeography
19:117-134.
Pulliam, H. R.; Dunning, Jr., J. B.; Liu, J. 1992. Population dynamics in complex landscapes: a case study.
Ecol. Appl. 2:165-177.
Rasmussen, P. E.; Parton, W. J. 1994. Long-term effects
of residue management in wheat/fallow: I. inputs,
yield, and soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
58:523-530.
Roberts, D. W. 1996a. Landscape vegetation modelling
with vital attributes and fuzzy systems theory. Ecol.
Model. 90:175-184.
Roberts, D. W. 1996b. Modelling forest dynamics with
vital attributes and fuzzy systems theory. Ecol. Model.
90:161-173.
Running, S .W.; Coughlan, J. C. 1988. A general model
of forest ecosystem processes for regional application.
Ecol. Model. 42:125-154.
Running, S. W.; Gower, S. T. 1991. FOREST-BGC, a
general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. II. dynamic carbon allocation and
nitrogen budgets. Tree Physiol. 9:147-160.
Running, S. W.; Hunt, Jr., E. R.1993. Generalization of
a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes,
BIOME-BGC, and an application for global-scale
models. In: Ehleringer, J. R.; Field, C., eds. Scaling
physiological processes: leaf to globe. San Diego, CA:
Academic Press: 141-158.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R. 1991. Regional hydrologic and carbon balance responses of forests resulting from potential climate change. Climatic Change
19:349-368.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R.; Hungerford, R. D. 1987.
Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in
mountainous terrain, and its use for simulating forest
evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. Can. J. For.
Res. 17:472-483.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R.; Peterson, D. L.; Band,
L. E.; Potts, D. F.; Pierce, L. L.; Spanner, M. A. 1989.
Mapping regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis by coupling satellite data with ecosystem
simulation. Ecology 70:1090-1101.
Sanford, R. L., Jr.; Parton, W. J.; Ojima, D. S.; Lodge,
D. J. 1991. Hurricane effects on soil organic matter
dynamics and forest production in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: results of simulation
modeling. Biotropica 23:364-372.
Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Ojima, D.
S.; Cole, C. V. 1990. Grassland biogeochemistry: links
to atmospheric processes. Climate Change 17:13-25.
Schimel, D. S.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Ter271
restrial biogeochemical cycles: global interactions
with the atmosphere and hydrology. Tellus 43AB:
188-203.
Schimel, D. S.; Braswell, B. H.; Holland, E. A.; McKeown, R.; Ojima, D. S.; Painter, T. H.; Parton, W. J.;
Townsend, A. R. 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic
controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils.
Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 8:279-293.
Schimel, D. S.; Braswell, B. H.; McKeown, R.; Ojima,
D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Pulliam, W. 1996. Climate and
nitrogen controls on geography and timescales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Global Biogeochem.
Cycle. 10:677-692.
Shugart, H. H. 1984. A theory of forest dynamics: the
ecological implications of forest succession models.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Shugart, H. H. 1998. Terrestrial ecosystems in changing
environments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Shugart, H. H.; Smith, T. M. 1996. A review of forest
patch models and their application to global change
research. Climatic Change 34:131-153.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R. 1986. A spatial simulation of
ecosystem succession in a Louisiana Coastal landscape.
In: Crosbie, R.; Luker, P., eds. Proceedings of the 1986
Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Society for
Computer Simulation. San Diego, CA: 467-472.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R. 1991. The development of dynamic spatial models for landscape ecology: a review
and prognosis. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds.
Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental heterogeneity.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 239-288.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R.; Day, J. W. 1985. Dynamic
spatial simulation modelling of coastal wetland habitat succession. Ecol. Model. 29:261-281.
Smith, T. M.; Urban, D. L. 1988. Scale and resolution
of forest structural pattern. Vegetatio 74:143-150.
Thiery, J. M.; D'Herbes, J. M.; Valentin, C. 1995. A
model simulating the genesis of banded vegetation patterns in Niger. J. Ecol. 83:497-507.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H. 1991. Modeling landscape
disturbance. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds.
Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental heterogeneity.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 323-351.
Turner, M. G.; Wu, Y.; Romme, W. H.; Wallace, L. L.
1993. A landscape simulation model of winter foraging by large ungulates. Ecol. Model. 69:163-184.
Turner, M. G.; Wu, Y.; Wallace, L. L.; Romme, W. H.;
Brenkert, A. 1994. Simulating winter interactions
among ungulates, vegetation, and fire in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Appl. 4:472-496.
Turner, M. G.; Arthaud, G. J.; Engstrom, R. T.; Hejl,
S. J.; Liu, J.; Loeb, S.; McKelvey, K. 1995. Usefulness of spatially explicit popUlation models in land
management. Ecol. Appl. 5:12-16.
Urban, D. L. 1990. A versatile model to simulate forest
pattern: a user's guide to ZEUG version 1.0.
Moran, M. D.; Wesley, D. A.; Lee, T. J.; Copeland, J.
H. 1992. A comprehensive meteorological modeling
system-RAMS. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 49:69-91.
Potter; M. W.; Kessell, S. R.; Cattelino, P. J. 1979. FORPLAN: a forest planning language and simulator. Environ. Manage. 3:59-72.
Prentice, I. c.; Cramer, W.; Harrison, S. P.; Leemans,
R.; Monserud, R. A.; Solomon, A. M. 1992. A global
biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeography
19:117-134.
Pulliam, H. R.; Dunning, Jr., J. B.; Liu, J. 1992. Population dynamics in complex landscapes: a case study.
Ecol. Appl. 2:165-177.
Rasmussen, P. E.; Parton, W. J. 1994. Long-term effects
of residue management in wheat/fallow: I. inputs,
yield, and soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
58:523-530.
Roberts, D. W. 1996a. Landscape vegetation modelling
with vital attributes and fuzzy systems theory. Ecol.
Model. 90:175-184.
Roberts, D. W. 1996b. Modelling forest dynamics with
vital attributes and fuzzy systems theory. Ecol. Model.
90:161-173.
Running, S .W.; Coughlan, J. C. 1988. A general model
of forest ecosystem processes for regional application.
Ecol. Model. 42:125-154.
Running, S. W.; Gower, S. T. 1991. FOREST-BGC, a
general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. II. dynamic carbon allocation and
nitrogen budgets. Tree Physiol. 9:147-160.
Running, S. W.; Hunt, Jr., E. R.1993. Generalization of
a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes,
BIOME-BGC, and an application for global-scale
models. In: Ehleringer, J. R.; Field, C., eds. Scaling
physiological processes: leaf to globe. San Diego, CA:
Academic Press: 141-158.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R. 1991. Regional hydrologic and carbon balance responses of forests resulting from potential climate change. Climatic Change
19:349-368.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R.; Hungerford, R. D. 1987.
Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in
mountainous terrain, and its use for simulating forest
evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. Can. J. For.
Res. 17:472-483.
Running, S. W.; Nemani, R. R.; Peterson, D. L.; Band,
L. E.; Potts, D. F.; Pierce, L. L.; Spanner, M. A. 1989.
Mapping regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis by coupling satellite data with ecosystem
simulation. Ecology 70:1090-1101.
Sanford, R. L., Jr.; Parton, W. J.; Ojima, D. S.; Lodge,
D. J. 1991. Hurricane effects on soil organic matter
dynamics and forest production in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: results of simulation
modeling. Biotropica 23:364-372.
Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Ojima, D.
S.; Cole, C. V. 1990. Grassland biogeochemistry: links
to atmospheric processes. Climate Change 17:13-25.
Schimel, D. S.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Ter271
restrial biogeochemical cycles: global interactions
with the atmosphere and hydrology. Tellus 43AB:
188-203.
Schimel, D. S.; Braswell, B. H.; Holland, E. A.; McKeown, R.; Ojima, D. S.; Painter, T. H.; Parton, W. J.;
Townsend, A. R. 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic
controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils.
Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 8:279-293.
Schimel, D. S.; Braswell, B. H.; McKeown, R.; Ojima,
D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Pulliam, W. 1996. Climate and
nitrogen controls on geography and timescales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Global Biogeochem.
Cycle. 10:677-692.
Shugart, H. H. 1984. A theory of forest dynamics: the
ecological implications of forest succession models.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Shugart, H. H. 1998. Terrestrial ecosystems in changing
environments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Shugart, H. H.; Smith, T. M. 1996. A review of forest
patch models and their application to global change
research. Climatic Change 34:131-153.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R. 1986. A spatial simulation of
ecosystem succession in a Louisiana Coastal landscape.
In: Crosbie, R.; Luker, P., eds. Proceedings of the 1986
Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Society for
Computer Simulation. San Diego, CA: 467-472.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R. 1991. The development of dynamic spatial models for landscape ecology: a review
and prognosis. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds.
Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental heterogeneity.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 239-288.
Sklar, F. H.; Costanza, R.; Day, J. W. 1985. Dynamic
spatial simulation modelling of coastal wetland habitat succession. Ecol. Model. 29:261-281.
Smith, T. M.; Urban, D. L. 1988. Scale and resolution
of forest structural pattern. Vegetatio 74:143-150.
Thiery, J. M.; D'Herbes, J. M.; Valentin, C. 1995. A
model simulating the genesis of banded vegetation patterns in Niger. J. Ecol. 83:497-507.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H. 1991. Modeling landscape
disturbance. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds.
Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental heterogeneity.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 323-351.
Turner, M. G.; Wu, Y.; Romme, W. H.; Wallace, L. L.
1993. A landscape simulation model of winter foraging by large ungulates. Ecol. Model. 69:163-184.
Turner, M. G.; Wu, Y.; Wallace, L. L.; Romme, W. H.;
Brenkert, A. 1994. Simulating winter interactions
among ungulates, vegetation, and fire in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Appl. 4:472-496.
Turner, M. G.; Arthaud, G. J.; Engstrom, R. T.; Hejl,
S. J.; Liu, J.; Loeb, S.; McKelvey, K. 1995. Usefulness of spatially explicit popUlation models in land
management. Ecol. Appl. 5:12-16.
Urban, D. L. 1990. A versatile model to simulate forest
pattern: a user's guide to ZEUG version 1.0.