270
E. R. 1991. Testing a mechanistic carbon balance
model against observed tree growth. Can. J. For. Res.
21: 1098-1105.
Kremer, R G. 1991. Simulating forest response to air pollution: integrating physiological responses to sulphur
dioxide with climate-dependent growth processes. Ecol.
Model. 54:111-126.
Lammers, R B.; Band, L. E.; Tague, C. L. 1997. Scaling behaviour of watershed processes. In: van Gardingen, P.; Foody, G.; Curran, P., eds. Scaling up from
cell to landscape. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 295-317.
Lenihan, J. M.; Daly, c.; Bachelet, D.; Neilson, R P.
1998. Simulating broad scale fire severity in a dynamic
global vegetation model. Northwest Sci. 72:91-103.
Liu, J. 1992. ECOLECON: a spatially-explicit model for
ecological economics of species conservation in complex forest landscapes. Dissertation. Athens: University of Georgia.
Liu, J. 1993. ECOLECON: an ECOLogical-ECONomic
model for species conservation in complex forest landscapes. Ecol. Model. 70:63-87.
Lyon, D.; Monz, C. A; Brown, R; Metherell, A K.
1995. Soil organic matter changes over two decades
of winter wheat-fallow cropping in western Nebraska.
In: Paul, E. A.; Cole, C. V., eds. Soil organic matter
in temperate agricultural ecosystems: a site network
approach. Chelsea, UK: Lewis Publishers.
Marsden, M. A. 1983. Modeling the effect of wildfire
frequency on forest structure and succession in the
northern Rocky Mountains. J. Environ. Manage. 16:
45-62.
McKelvey; K. B.; Noon, B. R; Lamberson, R. H. 1992.
Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted
owl. In: Kareiva, P. M.; Kingsolver, J. G.; Huey, R
B., eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Boston:
Sinauer: 424-450.
McLeod, S. D.; Running, S. W. 1988. Comparing site
quality indices and productivity in ponderosa pine
stands of western Montana. Can. J. For. Res. 18:346352.
Metherell, A K.; Harding, L. A; Cole, C. V.; Parton,
W. J. 1993. CENTURY soil organic matter model environment, technical documentation, agroecosystem
version 4.0. Unit Technical Report No.4. Fort Collins,
CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv.; Great Plains
System Res.
Metherell, A K.; Gambardella, C. A; Parton, W. J.; Peterson, G. A.; Harding, L. A; Cole, C. V. 1995. Simulation of soil organic matter dynamics in dryland
wheat-fallow cropping systems. In: Lal, R, Kimball,
J.; Levine, E.; Stewart, B. A., eds. Soil management
and greenhouse effect. Boca Raton: CRC Press: 259270.
Mladenoff, D. J.; He, H. S. 1999. Design, behavior and
application of LANDIS, an object-oriented model of
forest landscape disturbance and succession. In:
Mladenoff, D. J.; Baker, W. L., eds. Advances in spatial modeling offorest landscape change: approaches
Ecosystem Structure and Function Modeling
and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 125-162.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Boeder, J.; Crow, T. R
1996. LANDIS: a spatial model of forest landscape
disturbance, succession, and management. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks, B. 0., eds. GIS
and environmental modeling: progress and research
issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books: 175-179.
Neilson, R P. 1995. A model for predicting continentalscale vegetation distribution and water balance. Ecol.
Appl. 5:362-385.
Neilson, R P.; Marks, D. 1994. A global perspective of
regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities and
risks from climatic change. J. Veg. Sci. 5:715-730.
Nemani, R; Running, S. W. 1989. Testing a theoretical
climate-soil-leaf area hydrologic equilibrium of
forests using satellite data and ecosystem simulation.
Agr. Forest Meteorol. 44:245-294.
Nemani R; Pierce, R; Band, L. E.; Running, S. W. 1991.
Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale:
sensitivity to remotely sensed leaf area index observations. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2519-2534.
Nemani, R; Running, S. W.; Band, L. E.; Peterson,
D. L. 1993. Regional hydroecological simulation system: an illustration of the integration of ecosystem
models in a GIS. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Parks, B. 0.;
Steyaart, L. T., eds. Environmental modeling with GIS.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 296-304.
Ojima, D. S.; Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Owensby,
C. E. 1994. Long- and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry
24:67-84.
Olson, J. S.; Watts, J. A; Allison, L. J. 1983. Carbon in
live vegetation of major world ecosystems. ORNL5862. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Cole, C. V.; Ojima, D. s.
1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. J. 51:1173-1179.
Parton, W. J.; Stewart, J. W. B.; Cole, C. V. 1988. Dynamics of C, N, P, and S in grassland soils: a model.
Biogeochemistry 5: 109-131.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Ojima, D. s. 1994. Environmental change in grasslands: assessment using
models. Climate Change 28: 111-141.
Pastor, J.; Post, W. M. 1986. Influences of climate, soil
moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. Biogeochemistry 2:3-27.
Pastor, J.; Bonde, J.; Johnston, c.; Naiman, R. J. 1993.
Markovian analysis of the spatially dependent dynamics of beaver ponds. Lectures Math. Life Sci.
23:5-27.
Paustian, K.; Andren, 0.; Clarholm, M.; Hansson, A. c.;
Johansson, G.; Lagerlof, J.; Lindberg, T.; Pettersson,
R; Sohlenius, B. 1990. Carbon and nitrogen budgets
of four agro-ecosystems with annual and perennial
crops, with and without N fertilization. J. Appl. Ecol.
27:60-84.
Pielke, R A.; Cotton, W. R; Walko, R L.; Tremback,
C. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Grasso, L. D.; Nichols, M. E.;
E. R. 1991. Testing a mechanistic carbon balance
model against observed tree growth. Can. J. For. Res.
21: 1098-1105.
Kremer, R G. 1991. Simulating forest response to air pollution: integrating physiological responses to sulphur
dioxide with climate-dependent growth processes. Ecol.
Model. 54:111-126.
Lammers, R B.; Band, L. E.; Tague, C. L. 1997. Scaling behaviour of watershed processes. In: van Gardingen, P.; Foody, G.; Curran, P., eds. Scaling up from
cell to landscape. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 295-317.
Lenihan, J. M.; Daly, c.; Bachelet, D.; Neilson, R P.
1998. Simulating broad scale fire severity in a dynamic
global vegetation model. Northwest Sci. 72:91-103.
Liu, J. 1992. ECOLECON: a spatially-explicit model for
ecological economics of species conservation in complex forest landscapes. Dissertation. Athens: University of Georgia.
Liu, J. 1993. ECOLECON: an ECOLogical-ECONomic
model for species conservation in complex forest landscapes. Ecol. Model. 70:63-87.
Lyon, D.; Monz, C. A; Brown, R; Metherell, A K.
1995. Soil organic matter changes over two decades
of winter wheat-fallow cropping in western Nebraska.
In: Paul, E. A.; Cole, C. V., eds. Soil organic matter
in temperate agricultural ecosystems: a site network
approach. Chelsea, UK: Lewis Publishers.
Marsden, M. A. 1983. Modeling the effect of wildfire
frequency on forest structure and succession in the
northern Rocky Mountains. J. Environ. Manage. 16:
45-62.
McKelvey; K. B.; Noon, B. R; Lamberson, R. H. 1992.
Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted
owl. In: Kareiva, P. M.; Kingsolver, J. G.; Huey, R
B., eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Boston:
Sinauer: 424-450.
McLeod, S. D.; Running, S. W. 1988. Comparing site
quality indices and productivity in ponderosa pine
stands of western Montana. Can. J. For. Res. 18:346352.
Metherell, A K.; Harding, L. A; Cole, C. V.; Parton,
W. J. 1993. CENTURY soil organic matter model environment, technical documentation, agroecosystem
version 4.0. Unit Technical Report No.4. Fort Collins,
CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv.; Great Plains
System Res.
Metherell, A K.; Gambardella, C. A; Parton, W. J.; Peterson, G. A.; Harding, L. A; Cole, C. V. 1995. Simulation of soil organic matter dynamics in dryland
wheat-fallow cropping systems. In: Lal, R, Kimball,
J.; Levine, E.; Stewart, B. A., eds. Soil management
and greenhouse effect. Boca Raton: CRC Press: 259270.
Mladenoff, D. J.; He, H. S. 1999. Design, behavior and
application of LANDIS, an object-oriented model of
forest landscape disturbance and succession. In:
Mladenoff, D. J.; Baker, W. L., eds. Advances in spatial modeling offorest landscape change: approaches
Ecosystem Structure and Function Modeling
and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 125-162.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Boeder, J.; Crow, T. R
1996. LANDIS: a spatial model of forest landscape
disturbance, succession, and management. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks, B. 0., eds. GIS
and environmental modeling: progress and research
issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books: 175-179.
Neilson, R P. 1995. A model for predicting continentalscale vegetation distribution and water balance. Ecol.
Appl. 5:362-385.
Neilson, R P.; Marks, D. 1994. A global perspective of
regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities and
risks from climatic change. J. Veg. Sci. 5:715-730.
Nemani, R; Running, S. W. 1989. Testing a theoretical
climate-soil-leaf area hydrologic equilibrium of
forests using satellite data and ecosystem simulation.
Agr. Forest Meteorol. 44:245-294.
Nemani R; Pierce, R; Band, L. E.; Running, S. W. 1991.
Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale:
sensitivity to remotely sensed leaf area index observations. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2519-2534.
Nemani, R; Running, S. W.; Band, L. E.; Peterson,
D. L. 1993. Regional hydroecological simulation system: an illustration of the integration of ecosystem
models in a GIS. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Parks, B. 0.;
Steyaart, L. T., eds. Environmental modeling with GIS.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 296-304.
Ojima, D. S.; Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Owensby,
C. E. 1994. Long- and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry
24:67-84.
Olson, J. S.; Watts, J. A; Allison, L. J. 1983. Carbon in
live vegetation of major world ecosystems. ORNL5862. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Cole, C. V.; Ojima, D. s.
1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. J. 51:1173-1179.
Parton, W. J.; Stewart, J. W. B.; Cole, C. V. 1988. Dynamics of C, N, P, and S in grassland soils: a model.
Biogeochemistry 5: 109-131.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Ojima, D. s. 1994. Environmental change in grasslands: assessment using
models. Climate Change 28: 111-141.
Pastor, J.; Post, W. M. 1986. Influences of climate, soil
moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. Biogeochemistry 2:3-27.
Pastor, J.; Bonde, J.; Johnston, c.; Naiman, R. J. 1993.
Markovian analysis of the spatially dependent dynamics of beaver ponds. Lectures Math. Life Sci.
23:5-27.
Paustian, K.; Andren, 0.; Clarholm, M.; Hansson, A. c.;
Johansson, G.; Lagerlof, J.; Lindberg, T.; Pettersson,
R; Sohlenius, B. 1990. Carbon and nitrogen budgets
of four agro-ecosystems with annual and perennial
crops, with and without N fertilization. J. Appl. Ecol.
27:60-84.
Pielke, R A.; Cotton, W. R; Walko, R L.; Tremback,
C. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Grasso, L. D.; Nichols, M. E.;