18.7 References
Daly, C.; Bachelet, D.; Lenihan, J.; Neilson, R. P.; Parton, W. J.; Ojima, D. 2000. Dynamic simulation of
tree-grass interactions for global change studies. Ecol.
Appl. 10:449-469.
Donner, B. L.; Running, S. W. 1986. Water stress response after thinning Pinus contorta stands in Montana. For. Sci. 32:614-625.
Dunning, J. B., Jr.; Stewart, D. J.; Danielson, B. J.; Noon,
B. R.; Root, T. L.; Lamberson, R. H.; Stevens, E. E.
1995. Spatially explicit population models: current
forms and future uses. Eco/. Appl. 5:3-11.
Friend, A. D.; Shugart, H. H.; Running, S. W. 1993. A
physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics. Ecology 74:792-797.
Ginsberg, R. B. 1971. Semi-Markov processes and mobility. J. Math. Soc. 1:233-262.
Ginsberg, R. B. 1972. Critique of probabilistic models:
application of the semi-Markov model to migration. J.
Math. Soc. 2:83-103.
Grant, W. E. 1988. Models for conservation and wildlife
management. Eco/. Model. 41:325-326.
Green, D. G. 1989. Simulated effects of fire, dispersal,
and spatial pattern on competition within forest mosaics. Vegetatio 82: 139-153.
Hall, F. G.; Strebel, D. E.; Sellers, P. J. 1988. Linking
knowledge among spatial and temporal scales: vegetation, atmosphere, climate and remote sensing. Landscape Ecol. 2:3-22.
Hansen, A. J.; Garman, S. L.; Weigand, J. F.; Urban,
D. L.; McComb, W. e.; Raphael, M. G. 1995. Alternative silvicultural regimes in the Pacific Northwest:
simulations of ecological and economic effects. Eco!.
Appl. 5:535-554.
He, H. S.; Mladenoff, D. J. 1999. Dynamics of fire disturbance and succession on a heterogeneous forest
landscape: a spatially explicit and stochastic simulation approach. Ecology 80:81-99.
Henderson, W.; Wilkins, e. W. 1975. The interaction of
bushfires and vegetation. Search 6:130-133.
Holland, E. A.; Parton, W. J.; Detling, J. K.; Coppock,
D. L. 1992. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient flow. Amer. Naturalist 140:685-706.
Holt, R. D.; Pacala, S. W.; Smith, T. W.; Liu, J. 1995.
Linking contemporary vegetation models with spatially explicit animal population models. Ecol. Appl.
5:20-27.
Humphries, H. e.; Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1996.
An individual-based model of alpine plant distributions. Eco/. Model. 84:99-126.
Hunsaker, e. T.; Nisbet, R. A.; Lam, D. C. L.; Browder,
J. A.; Baker, W. L.; Turner, M. G.; Botkin, D. B. 1993.
Spatial models of ecological systems and processes:
the role of GIS. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Parks, B. 0.;
Steyaert, L. T., eds. Environmental modeling with GIS.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 248-264.
Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Running, S. W. 1992. Simulated dry
matter yields for aspen and spruce stands in North
American boreal forest. Can. J. Remote Sens. 18:126133.
269
Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Piper, S. e.; Nemani, R.; Keeling,
e. D.; Otto, R. D.; Running, S. W. 1996. Global net
carbon exchange and intra-annual atmospheric CO2
concentrations predicted by an ecosystem process
model and three-dimensional atmospheric transport
model. Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 10:431-456.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K. 1989. FIRESUM-an ecological process model for fire succession
in western conifer forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-266.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K. 1990a. Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pinelDouglasfir forests. Ecology 71:189.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K.; Tomback, D. F.
1990b. Modelling stand dynamics in whitebark pine
(Pinus albicaulis) forests. Ecol. Model. 51:73-95.
Keane, R. E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J. P.; Hann, W. J.;
Bevins, e. D. 1996a. Simulating coarse-scale vegetation dynamics using the Columbia River basin succession model-CRBSUM. INT-GTR-340. Ogden,
UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For.
and Range Exp. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Morgan, P.; Running, S. W. 1996b. FlREBGC-a mechanistic ecological process model for
simulating fire succession on coniferous forest landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains. INT-RP484. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Kessell, S. R. 1976. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and wilderness resource management.
Environ. Manage. 1:39-48.
Kessell, S. R. 1977. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and resource management. In: Hall,
e. A. S.; Day, Jr., D. W., eds. Ecosystem modeling in
theory and practice: an introduction with case histories. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 575-605.
Kessell, S.R. 1979. Phytosociological inference and resource management. Environ. Manage. 3:29-40.
Kessell, S. R. 1990. An Australian geographical information and modeling system for natural area management. Int. J. Geogr. In! Syst. 4:333-362.
Kessell, S. R.; Cattelino, P. J. 1978. Evaluation of a fire behavior information integration system for southern California chaparral wildlands. Environ. Manage. 2: 135-159.
Kessell, S. R.; Fischer, W. C. 1981. Predicting postfire
plant succession for fire management planning. INTGTR-94. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Kessell, S. R.; Good, R. B. 1982. PREPLAN (Pristine
Environment Planning Language and Simulator)
user's guide for Kosciusko National Park. Sydney:
National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South
Wales, Special Publication.
Kessell, S. R., Good, R. B.; Hopkins, A. J. M. 1984. Implementation of two new resource management information systems in Australia. Environ. Manage. 8:
251-270.
Korol, R. L.; Running, S. W.; Milner, K. S.; Hunt, Jr.,
Daly, C.; Bachelet, D.; Lenihan, J.; Neilson, R. P.; Parton, W. J.; Ojima, D. 2000. Dynamic simulation of
tree-grass interactions for global change studies. Ecol.
Appl. 10:449-469.
Donner, B. L.; Running, S. W. 1986. Water stress response after thinning Pinus contorta stands in Montana. For. Sci. 32:614-625.
Dunning, J. B., Jr.; Stewart, D. J.; Danielson, B. J.; Noon,
B. R.; Root, T. L.; Lamberson, R. H.; Stevens, E. E.
1995. Spatially explicit population models: current
forms and future uses. Eco/. Appl. 5:3-11.
Friend, A. D.; Shugart, H. H.; Running, S. W. 1993. A
physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics. Ecology 74:792-797.
Ginsberg, R. B. 1971. Semi-Markov processes and mobility. J. Math. Soc. 1:233-262.
Ginsberg, R. B. 1972. Critique of probabilistic models:
application of the semi-Markov model to migration. J.
Math. Soc. 2:83-103.
Grant, W. E. 1988. Models for conservation and wildlife
management. Eco/. Model. 41:325-326.
Green, D. G. 1989. Simulated effects of fire, dispersal,
and spatial pattern on competition within forest mosaics. Vegetatio 82: 139-153.
Hall, F. G.; Strebel, D. E.; Sellers, P. J. 1988. Linking
knowledge among spatial and temporal scales: vegetation, atmosphere, climate and remote sensing. Landscape Ecol. 2:3-22.
Hansen, A. J.; Garman, S. L.; Weigand, J. F.; Urban,
D. L.; McComb, W. e.; Raphael, M. G. 1995. Alternative silvicultural regimes in the Pacific Northwest:
simulations of ecological and economic effects. Eco!.
Appl. 5:535-554.
He, H. S.; Mladenoff, D. J. 1999. Dynamics of fire disturbance and succession on a heterogeneous forest
landscape: a spatially explicit and stochastic simulation approach. Ecology 80:81-99.
Henderson, W.; Wilkins, e. W. 1975. The interaction of
bushfires and vegetation. Search 6:130-133.
Holland, E. A.; Parton, W. J.; Detling, J. K.; Coppock,
D. L. 1992. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient flow. Amer. Naturalist 140:685-706.
Holt, R. D.; Pacala, S. W.; Smith, T. W.; Liu, J. 1995.
Linking contemporary vegetation models with spatially explicit animal population models. Ecol. Appl.
5:20-27.
Humphries, H. e.; Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1996.
An individual-based model of alpine plant distributions. Eco/. Model. 84:99-126.
Hunsaker, e. T.; Nisbet, R. A.; Lam, D. C. L.; Browder,
J. A.; Baker, W. L.; Turner, M. G.; Botkin, D. B. 1993.
Spatial models of ecological systems and processes:
the role of GIS. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Parks, B. 0.;
Steyaert, L. T., eds. Environmental modeling with GIS.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 248-264.
Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Running, S. W. 1992. Simulated dry
matter yields for aspen and spruce stands in North
American boreal forest. Can. J. Remote Sens. 18:126133.
269
Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Piper, S. e.; Nemani, R.; Keeling,
e. D.; Otto, R. D.; Running, S. W. 1996. Global net
carbon exchange and intra-annual atmospheric CO2
concentrations predicted by an ecosystem process
model and three-dimensional atmospheric transport
model. Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 10:431-456.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K. 1989. FIRESUM-an ecological process model for fire succession
in western conifer forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-266.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K. 1990a. Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pinelDouglasfir forests. Ecology 71:189.
Keane, R. E.; Arno, S. F.; Brown, J. K.; Tomback, D. F.
1990b. Modelling stand dynamics in whitebark pine
(Pinus albicaulis) forests. Ecol. Model. 51:73-95.
Keane, R. E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J. P.; Hann, W. J.;
Bevins, e. D. 1996a. Simulating coarse-scale vegetation dynamics using the Columbia River basin succession model-CRBSUM. INT-GTR-340. Ogden,
UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For.
and Range Exp. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Morgan, P.; Running, S. W. 1996b. FlREBGC-a mechanistic ecological process model for
simulating fire succession on coniferous forest landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains. INT-RP484. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Kessell, S. R. 1976. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and wilderness resource management.
Environ. Manage. 1:39-48.
Kessell, S. R. 1977. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and resource management. In: Hall,
e. A. S.; Day, Jr., D. W., eds. Ecosystem modeling in
theory and practice: an introduction with case histories. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 575-605.
Kessell, S.R. 1979. Phytosociological inference and resource management. Environ. Manage. 3:29-40.
Kessell, S. R. 1990. An Australian geographical information and modeling system for natural area management. Int. J. Geogr. In! Syst. 4:333-362.
Kessell, S. R.; Cattelino, P. J. 1978. Evaluation of a fire behavior information integration system for southern California chaparral wildlands. Environ. Manage. 2: 135-159.
Kessell, S. R.; Fischer, W. C. 1981. Predicting postfire
plant succession for fire management planning. INTGTR-94. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Kessell, S. R.; Good, R. B. 1982. PREPLAN (Pristine
Environment Planning Language and Simulator)
user's guide for Kosciusko National Park. Sydney:
National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South
Wales, Special Publication.
Kessell, S. R., Good, R. B.; Hopkins, A. J. M. 1984. Implementation of two new resource management information systems in Australia. Environ. Manage. 8:
251-270.
Korol, R. L.; Running, S. W.; Milner, K. S.; Hunt, Jr.,