268
18.6 Suggested Reading
Baker (1989a), Hunsaker et al. (1993), Shugart
(1998), Sklar and Costanza (1991), and Turner and
Dale (1991) review various approaches to simulation modeling with an emphasis on spatial models
of landscape change.
18.7 References
Aber, J. D.; Melillo, 1. M. 1982. FORTNITE: a computer
model of organic matter and nitrogen dynamics inforest ecosystems. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Research Bulletin #R3130.
Acevedo, M. F.; Urban, D. L.; Ablan, M. 1996. Landscape scale forest dynamics: GIS, gap, and transition
models. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks,
B. 0., eds. GIS and environmental modeling: progress
and research issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World
Books: 181-185.
Allen, T. F. H.; Starr, T. B. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Baker, W. L. 1989a. A review of models of landscape
change. Landscape Ecol. 2:111-133.
Baker, W. L. 1989b. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area
Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
'
Band, L. E. 1989. A terrain based watershed information
system. Hydrol. Process. 3:151-162.
Band, L. E. 1991. Distributed parameterization of complex terrain. Surv. Geophys. 12:249-270.
Ban.d,~. E.; Wood, E. F. 1988. Strategies for large-scale,
dIStrIbuted hydrologic simulation. Appl. Math. Comput. 27:23-37.
Band, L. E.; Patterson, P.; Nemani, R.; Running, S. W.
1993. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed
scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agr. Forest
Meteorol.63:93-126.
Baron, J.; Ojima, D. S.; Holland, E. A.; Parton, W. J.
1994. Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in
Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for
aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry 27:61-82.
Baron, J. S.; Hartman, M. D.; Band, L. E.; Lammers,
R. L. 1998a. Sensitivity of high elevation Rocky Mountain watersheds to climate change. Proceedings of the
fifth national watershed coalition annual meeting,
May 1997. Reno, NY: 269-273.
Baron, J. S.; Hartman, M. D.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Band,
L. E.; Ojima, D. S.; Lammers, R. B. 1998b. Effects of
land cover, water redistribution, and temperature on
ecosystem processes in the South Platte Basin. Ecol.
Appl. 8:1037-1051.
Bart, J. 1995. Acceptance criteria for using individualbased models to make management decisions. Ecol.
Appl.5:411-420.
Beven, K. J.; Kirkby, M. J. 1979. A physically-based,
variable contributing area model of basin hydrology.
Hydrolog. Soc. Bull. 24:43-69.
Ecosystem Structure and Function Modeling
Bonan, G. B. 1989a. A computer model of the solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests. Ecol. Model. 45:275-306.
B~nan, G. B. 1989b. Environmental factors and ecologICal processes controlling vegetation patterns in boreal
forests. Landscape Ecol. 3:111-130.
Bonan, G. B. 1990a. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in
North American boreal forests. I. litter quality and soil
thermal effects in interior Alaska. Biogeochemistry
10:1-28.
Bonan, G. B. 1990b. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in
North American boreal forests. ll. biogeographic patterns. Can. J. For. Res. 20:1077-1088.
Botkin, D. B. 1992. The ecology of forests: theory and
evidence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Botkin, D. B.; Janak, J. F.; Wallis, J. R. 1972. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest
growth. J. Ecol. 60:849-872.
Bugmann, H. K. M.; Fischlin, A. 1996. Simulating forest dynamics in a complex topography using gridded
climatic data. Climatic Change 34:201-211.
Bugmann, H. K. M.; Yan, X.; Sykes, M. T.; Martin, P.;
Lindner, M.; Desanker, P. Y.; Cumming, S. G. 1996.
A comparison of forest gap models: model structure
and behavior. Climatic Change 34:289-313.
Burke, I. C.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Lauenroth, W. K.; Snook,
~.; Yonker, C. M.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Regional analySIS of the Central Great Plains: sensitivity to climate
variability. BioScience 41:685-692.
Childress, W. M.; Rykiel, Jr., E. J.; Forsythe, W.; Li,
B. L.; Wu, H. 1996. Transition rule complexity in gridbased automata models. Landscape Ecol. 11 :257-266.
Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1990. A gap dynamics
simulation model of succession in a semiarid grassland. Ecol. Model. 49:229-266.
Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1996. Transient responses of North-American grasslands to changes in
climate. Climatic Change 34:269-278.
Cole, C. Y.; Paustian, K.; Elliott, E. T.; Metherell, A. L.;
Ojima, D. S.; Parton, W. J. 1993. Analysis of agroecosystem carbon pools. Water Air Soil Pollut. 70:
357-371.
Costanza, R.; Sklar, F. H.; White, M. L. 1990. Modeling coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience 40:91107.
Creed, I. F.; Band, L. E.; Foster, N. W.; Morrison, I. K.;
Nicolson, J. A.; Semkin, R. S.; Jeffries, D. S. 1996.
Regulation of nitrate-N release from temperate forests:
a test of the N flushing hypothesis. Water Resour. Res.
32:3337-3354.
Dale, Y. H.; Shugart, H. H. 1985. A comparison of tree
growth models. Ecol. Model. 29:145-169.
Dale, Y. H.; Hemstrom, M.; Franklin, J. 1986. Modeling the long-term effects of disturbances on forest succession, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Can. J. For.
Res. 16:56-67.
Dale, Y. H.; Gardner, R. H.; DeAngelis, D. L.; Eagar,
C. c.; Webb, J. W. 1991. Elevation-mediated effects
of balsam woolly adelgid on southern Appalachian
spruce-fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1639-1648.
18.6 Suggested Reading
Baker (1989a), Hunsaker et al. (1993), Shugart
(1998), Sklar and Costanza (1991), and Turner and
Dale (1991) review various approaches to simulation modeling with an emphasis on spatial models
of landscape change.
18.7 References
Aber, J. D.; Melillo, 1. M. 1982. FORTNITE: a computer
model of organic matter and nitrogen dynamics inforest ecosystems. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Research Bulletin #R3130.
Acevedo, M. F.; Urban, D. L.; Ablan, M. 1996. Landscape scale forest dynamics: GIS, gap, and transition
models. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks,
B. 0., eds. GIS and environmental modeling: progress
and research issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World
Books: 181-185.
Allen, T. F. H.; Starr, T. B. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Baker, W. L. 1989a. A review of models of landscape
change. Landscape Ecol. 2:111-133.
Baker, W. L. 1989b. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area
Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
'
Band, L. E. 1989. A terrain based watershed information
system. Hydrol. Process. 3:151-162.
Band, L. E. 1991. Distributed parameterization of complex terrain. Surv. Geophys. 12:249-270.
Ban.d,~. E.; Wood, E. F. 1988. Strategies for large-scale,
dIStrIbuted hydrologic simulation. Appl. Math. Comput. 27:23-37.
Band, L. E.; Patterson, P.; Nemani, R.; Running, S. W.
1993. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed
scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agr. Forest
Meteorol.63:93-126.
Baron, J.; Ojima, D. S.; Holland, E. A.; Parton, W. J.
1994. Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in
Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for
aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry 27:61-82.
Baron, J. S.; Hartman, M. D.; Band, L. E.; Lammers,
R. L. 1998a. Sensitivity of high elevation Rocky Mountain watersheds to climate change. Proceedings of the
fifth national watershed coalition annual meeting,
May 1997. Reno, NY: 269-273.
Baron, J. S.; Hartman, M. D.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Band,
L. E.; Ojima, D. S.; Lammers, R. B. 1998b. Effects of
land cover, water redistribution, and temperature on
ecosystem processes in the South Platte Basin. Ecol.
Appl. 8:1037-1051.
Bart, J. 1995. Acceptance criteria for using individualbased models to make management decisions. Ecol.
Appl.5:411-420.
Beven, K. J.; Kirkby, M. J. 1979. A physically-based,
variable contributing area model of basin hydrology.
Hydrolog. Soc. Bull. 24:43-69.
Ecosystem Structure and Function Modeling
Bonan, G. B. 1989a. A computer model of the solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests. Ecol. Model. 45:275-306.
B~nan, G. B. 1989b. Environmental factors and ecologICal processes controlling vegetation patterns in boreal
forests. Landscape Ecol. 3:111-130.
Bonan, G. B. 1990a. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in
North American boreal forests. I. litter quality and soil
thermal effects in interior Alaska. Biogeochemistry
10:1-28.
Bonan, G. B. 1990b. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in
North American boreal forests. ll. biogeographic patterns. Can. J. For. Res. 20:1077-1088.
Botkin, D. B. 1992. The ecology of forests: theory and
evidence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Botkin, D. B.; Janak, J. F.; Wallis, J. R. 1972. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest
growth. J. Ecol. 60:849-872.
Bugmann, H. K. M.; Fischlin, A. 1996. Simulating forest dynamics in a complex topography using gridded
climatic data. Climatic Change 34:201-211.
Bugmann, H. K. M.; Yan, X.; Sykes, M. T.; Martin, P.;
Lindner, M.; Desanker, P. Y.; Cumming, S. G. 1996.
A comparison of forest gap models: model structure
and behavior. Climatic Change 34:289-313.
Burke, I. C.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Lauenroth, W. K.; Snook,
~.; Yonker, C. M.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Regional analySIS of the Central Great Plains: sensitivity to climate
variability. BioScience 41:685-692.
Childress, W. M.; Rykiel, Jr., E. J.; Forsythe, W.; Li,
B. L.; Wu, H. 1996. Transition rule complexity in gridbased automata models. Landscape Ecol. 11 :257-266.
Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1990. A gap dynamics
simulation model of succession in a semiarid grassland. Ecol. Model. 49:229-266.
Coffin, D. P.; Lauenroth, W. K. 1996. Transient responses of North-American grasslands to changes in
climate. Climatic Change 34:269-278.
Cole, C. Y.; Paustian, K.; Elliott, E. T.; Metherell, A. L.;
Ojima, D. S.; Parton, W. J. 1993. Analysis of agroecosystem carbon pools. Water Air Soil Pollut. 70:
357-371.
Costanza, R.; Sklar, F. H.; White, M. L. 1990. Modeling coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience 40:91107.
Creed, I. F.; Band, L. E.; Foster, N. W.; Morrison, I. K.;
Nicolson, J. A.; Semkin, R. S.; Jeffries, D. S. 1996.
Regulation of nitrate-N release from temperate forests:
a test of the N flushing hypothesis. Water Resour. Res.
32:3337-3354.
Dale, Y. H.; Shugart, H. H. 1985. A comparison of tree
growth models. Ecol. Model. 29:145-169.
Dale, Y. H.; Hemstrom, M.; Franklin, J. 1986. Modeling the long-term effects of disturbances on forest succession, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Can. J. For.
Res. 16:56-67.
Dale, Y. H.; Gardner, R. H.; DeAngelis, D. L.; Eagar,
C. c.; Webb, J. W. 1991. Elevation-mediated effects
of balsam woolly adelgid on southern Appalachian
spruce-fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1639-1648.