Thus, the figure is not meant to be predictive; it is simply a conceptual illustration of the effectiveness of various research and educational investments
discussed in this paper.
In summary, we believe that, in the short term, the most efficient way to
enhance the use of models in environmental decision making is through the
education of environmental managers in workshops and the training of
technical personnel by Web-based courses. In the medium term, model use
can best be enhanced through the application of existing models to specific
cases. In the long term, manifold opportunities exist for developing new
modeling approaches by linking or integrating existing types of models.
References
Akçakaya, H.R. 1994. RAMAS Metapop: Viability Analysis for Stage-Structured
Metapopulations. Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York, USA.
Akçakaya, H.R. 1998. RAMAS GIS: Linking Landscape Data with Population
Viability Analysis. Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York, USA.
Akçakaya, H.R. 2000. Population viability analyses with demographically and
spatially structured models. Ecological Bulletins 48:23–38.
Akçakaya, H.R. 2001. Linking population-level risk assessment with landscape and
habitat models. Science of the Total Environment 274:283–291.
Akçakaya, H.R., M.A. McCarthy, and J. Pearce. 1995. Linking landscape data with
population viability analysis: Management options for the helmeted honeyeater.
Biological Conservation 73:169–176.
Akçakaya, H.R. and B. Baur. 1996. Effects of population subdivision and catastrophes on the persistence of a land snail metapopulation. Oecologia 105:475–83.
Akçakaya, H.R. and J.L. Atwood. 1997. A habitat-based metapopulation model of
the California gnatcatcher. Conservation Biology 11:422–434.
Akçakaya, H.R. and M.G. Raphael. 1998. Assessing human impact despite uncertainty: Viability of the northern spotted owl metapopulation in the northwestern
USA. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:875–894.
Akçakaya, H.R. and P. Sjögren-Gulve. 2000. Population viability analysis in conservation planning: An overview. Ecological Bulletins 48:9–21.
Armbruster, P. and R. Lande. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): How big should reserves be? Conservation Biology
7:602–610.
Bulak, J.S., D.S. Wethey, and M.G. White III. 1995. Evaluation of management
options for a striped bass population in the Santee-Cooper system. North
American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:84–94.
Burgman, M.A., S. Ferson, and H.R. Akçakaya. 1993. Risk Assessment in
Conservation Biology. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Breininger, D.R., M.A. Burgman, H.R. Akçakaya, and M.A. O’Connell. 2002. Use
of metapopulation models in conservation planning. In K. Gutzwiller, editor.
Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. Springer-Verlag, New
York, New York, USA.
Brevard County Office of Natural Resources. 1995. Scrub Conservation and Development Plan. Brevard County Office of Natural Resources, Melbourne, Florida,
USA.
13. Science and Management Investments
259
discussed in this paper.
In summary, we believe that, in the short term, the most efficient way to
enhance the use of models in environmental decision making is through the
education of environmental managers in workshops and the training of
technical personnel by Web-based courses. In the medium term, model use
can best be enhanced through the application of existing models to specific
cases. In the long term, manifold opportunities exist for developing new
modeling approaches by linking or integrating existing types of models.
References
Akçakaya, H.R. 1994. RAMAS Metapop: Viability Analysis for Stage-Structured
Metapopulations. Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York, USA.
Akçakaya, H.R. 1998. RAMAS GIS: Linking Landscape Data with Population
Viability Analysis. Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York, USA.
Akçakaya, H.R. 2000. Population viability analyses with demographically and
spatially structured models. Ecological Bulletins 48:23–38.
Akçakaya, H.R. 2001. Linking population-level risk assessment with landscape and
habitat models. Science of the Total Environment 274:283–291.
Akçakaya, H.R., M.A. McCarthy, and J. Pearce. 1995. Linking landscape data with
population viability analysis: Management options for the helmeted honeyeater.
Biological Conservation 73:169–176.
Akçakaya, H.R. and B. Baur. 1996. Effects of population subdivision and catastrophes on the persistence of a land snail metapopulation. Oecologia 105:475–83.
Akçakaya, H.R. and J.L. Atwood. 1997. A habitat-based metapopulation model of
the California gnatcatcher. Conservation Biology 11:422–434.
Akçakaya, H.R. and M.G. Raphael. 1998. Assessing human impact despite uncertainty: Viability of the northern spotted owl metapopulation in the northwestern
USA. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:875–894.
Akçakaya, H.R. and P. Sjögren-Gulve. 2000. Population viability analysis in conservation planning: An overview. Ecological Bulletins 48:9–21.
Armbruster, P. and R. Lande. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): How big should reserves be? Conservation Biology
7:602–610.
Bulak, J.S., D.S. Wethey, and M.G. White III. 1995. Evaluation of management
options for a striped bass population in the Santee-Cooper system. North
American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:84–94.
Burgman, M.A., S. Ferson, and H.R. Akçakaya. 1993. Risk Assessment in
Conservation Biology. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Breininger, D.R., M.A. Burgman, H.R. Akçakaya, and M.A. O’Connell. 2002. Use
of metapopulation models in conservation planning. In K. Gutzwiller, editor.
Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. Springer-Verlag, New
York, New York, USA.
Brevard County Office of Natural Resources. 1995. Scrub Conservation and Development Plan. Brevard County Office of Natural Resources, Melbourne, Florida,
USA.
13. Science and Management Investments
259