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Target 4: By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business, and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable
production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources
well within safe ecological limits.
Target 6: By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed
and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem-based approaches, so
that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all
depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems, and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species
and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to
levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other
vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are
minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Target 11: By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal
and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and
ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed,
ecologically representative, and well-connected systems of protected areas and
other effective area-based conservation measures and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes.
Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to
carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to
climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.
Issues directly related to blue carbon (e.g., climate change, acidification, and
carbon storage) and those covered by comprehensive management of blue carbon
are included in the targets. They also include maintaining the ecosystem functions
and services of coastal ecosystems closely related to blue carbon, such as securing
marine reserves at 10%, managing fishery resources, and managing water
pollution.
In order to achieve these targets, it is essential to scientifically evaluate biodiversity and ecosystem functions and to adequately reflect the results in policy. Since the
IPBES 1st General Assembly held in 2013, collaboration with policy- and decisionmaking bodies on climate change such as the UNFCCC and IPCC, as well as Future
Earth, a policy-oriented international global environmental research program, has
been promoted, and IPBES is indeed strengthening the connection between global
scientific research and decision-making.
Future Earth is a comprehensive global environmental research program undertaken via alliances among many international organizations (Fig. 13.6). Although it
is primarily a scientific research program, various policy stakeholders, administrative agencies, and stakeholders in social and economic circles participate as well,
which promotes both global environmental conservation and sustainability through
transdisciplinary approaches.
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues
Target 4: By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business, and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable
production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources
well within safe ecological limits.
Target 6: By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed
and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem-based approaches, so
that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all
depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems, and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species
and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to
levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other
vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are
minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Target 11: By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal
and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and
ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed,
ecologically representative, and well-connected systems of protected areas and
other effective area-based conservation measures and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes.
Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to
carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to
climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.
Issues directly related to blue carbon (e.g., climate change, acidification, and
carbon storage) and those covered by comprehensive management of blue carbon
are included in the targets. They also include maintaining the ecosystem functions
and services of coastal ecosystems closely related to blue carbon, such as securing
marine reserves at 10%, managing fishery resources, and managing water
pollution.
In order to achieve these targets, it is essential to scientifically evaluate biodiversity and ecosystem functions and to adequately reflect the results in policy. Since the
IPBES 1st General Assembly held in 2013, collaboration with policy- and decisionmaking bodies on climate change such as the UNFCCC and IPCC, as well as Future
Earth, a policy-oriented international global environmental research program, has
been promoted, and IPBES is indeed strengthening the connection between global
scientific research and decision-making.
Future Earth is a comprehensive global environmental research program undertaken via alliances among many international organizations (Fig. 13.6). Although it
is primarily a scientific research program, various policy stakeholders, administrative agencies, and stakeholders in social and economic circles participate as well,
which promotes both global environmental conservation and sustainability through
transdisciplinary approaches.
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues