Table 13.1 (continued)
Ecosystem
Exchange CO2
exchange
a
Soil carbon accumulation rate
Global area
interface
mol C m
−2
year
−1
Tg C year
−1
References
Chapter
mol C m
−2
year
−1
Tg C year
−1
References Chapter
million km
2
References Chapter
mean min
max mean
min
max
mean min max
mean min max
median min max
Tidal
marshes
Airecosystem
−108 −379
29
−66
−1817 139 Otani and
Endo (2018)
8
12.6 1.5 144.2 8
0
692 Nellemann
et al.
(2009)
0.05
0.02 0.40 McLeod
et al.
(2011) and
Pendleton
et al.
(2012)
1
Air-soil
40
−13
84
244
−77
502 Otani and
Endo (2018)
8
Tidal flats
Air-soil
−9
−13
−2
−8
−12
−2
Otani and
Endo (2018)
8
7.1
4.8 9.4
6
4
8 Endo and
Otani
(2018)
5
0.08
b
Smardon
(2004)
Coral reefs Air- water 1
−4
66
3
−173
3108 Watanabe and
Nakamura
(2018)
10
0.9
3
1
43 Watanabe
and
Nakamura
(2018)
10 0.26
0.11 3.90 Spalding
and
Grenfell
(1997)
Estuaries
Air- water 13
−18
132 281
−395
2858 Laruelle et al.
(2013) and
Cotovicz et al.
(2015)
11
3.8
81
Nellemann
et al.
(2009)
1 1.80
Nellemann
et al.
(2009)
1
Total
c
−1071 −7984 6268
136
22
844
a
References showing annual gas fluxes are extracted
b
Wadden Sea only
c
CO
2 exchange: air-ecosystem values are used for mangroves and salt marshes, air-soil values for tidal flats, and air-water for other ecosystems