(continued)
Table 13.1 Global annual CO
2 exchange (negative values indicate net uptake of atmospheric CO
2 ) and soil organic carbon accumulation rates in different shallow coastal
ecosystems
Ecosystem
Exchange CO2
exchange
a
Soil carbon accumulation rate
Global area
interface
mol C m
−2
year
−1
Tg C year
−1
References
Chapter
mol C m
−2
year
−1
Tg C year
−1
References Chapter
million km
2
References Chapter
mean min
max mean
min
max
mean min max
mean min max
median min max
Mangroves Airecosystem
−193 −619
−21 −336
−1263 −35 Akhand
et al. (2018)
7
13.0 9.6 18.8
23
16
38
Inoue
(2018)
3
0.15
0.14 0.17 McLeod
et al.
(2011) and
Pendleton
et al.
(2012)
1
Air-soil
57
39
100 99
66
204 Akhand
et al. (2018)
7
Air- water 5
0
12
9
0
24
Akhand
et al. (2018)
7
Seagrass
meadows
Air- water
−9
−17
−1
−32
−122
−1
Tokoro et al.
(2014) and
Tokoro
and Kuwae
(unpublished)
6
2.5
0.2 7.1
9
0
51
Miyajima
and
Hamaguchi
(2018)
2
0.30
0.18 0.60 McLeod
et al.
(2011) and
Pendleton
et al.
(2012)
1
Macroalgal
beds
Air- water
−22
−48
2
−913
−4202 202 Ikawa and
Oechel
(2015)
7
0.1
0.0 0.1
6
0
11
KrauseJensen and
Duarte
(2016)
3.51
0.52 7.31 KrauseJensen
and Duarte
(2016)