291
Guannel G, Arkema K, Ruggiero P et al (2016) The power of three: coral reefs, seagrasses and
mangroves protect coastal regions and increase their resilience. PLoS One 11(7):e0158094.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158094
Haas AF, Nelson CE, Rohwer F, Wegley-Kelly L, Quistad SD, Carlson CA, Leichter JJ, Hatay M,
Smith JE (2013) Influence of coral and algal exudates on microbially mediated reef metabolism. PeerJ 1:e108. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.108
Hata H, Suzuki A, Maruyama T, Kurano N, Miyachi S, Ikeda Y, Kayanne H (1998) Carbon flux
by suspended and sinking particles around the barrier reef of Palau, western Pacific. Limnol
Oceanogr 43(8):1883–1893
Hata H, Kudo S, Yamano H, Kurano N, Kayanne H (2002) Organic carbon flux in Shiraho coral
reef (Ishigaki Island, Japan). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 232:129–140
Hemminga MA, Duarte CM (2000) Seagrass ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Inoue T (2018) Carbon sequestration in mangroves. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore,
pp 73–99
Jiang ZP, Huang JC, Dai M, Kao SJ, Hydes DJ, Chou WC, Jan S (2011) Short-term dynamics of
oxygen and carbon in productive nearshore shallow seawater systems off Taiwan: observations
and modeling. Limnol Oceanogr 56:1832–1849
Kayanne H (1996) Coral reefs and carbon dioxide- reply. Science 271:1299–1300
Kayanne H, Suzuki A, Saito H (1995) Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
coral reef water. Science 269:214–216
Kayanne H, Harii S, Ide Y, Akimoto F (2002) Recovery of coral populations after the 1998 bleaching on Shiraho Reef, in the southern Ryukyus, NW pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:93–103
Kayanne H, Hata H, Kudo S, Yamano H, Watanabe A, Ikeda Y, Nozaki K, Kato K, Negishi A, Saito
H (2005) Seasonal and bleaching-induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO 2 flux. Glob
Biogeochem Cycles 19:GB3015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002400
Kennedy H, Beggins J, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Holmer M, Marbà N, Middelburg JJ (2010)
Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochem Cycles
24:GB4026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003848
Kraines S, Suzuki Y, Omori T, Shitashima K, Kanahara S, Komiyama H (1997) Carbonate dynamics of the coral reef systems at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 156:1–16
Kuwae T, Kanda J, Kubo A, Nakajima F, Ogawa H, Sohma A, Suzumura M (2018) CO 2 uptake
in the shallow coastal ecosystems affected by anthropogenic impacts. In: Kuwae T, Hori M
(eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 295–319
Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG, Altier C, Hein MY, Fiorenza EA, Abu N, Jompa J,
Harvell CD (2017) Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans,
fishes, and invertebrates. Science 355:731–733
Longhini CM, Souza MFL, Silva AM (2015) Net ecosystem production, calcification and CO 2
fluxes on a reef flat in Northeastern Brazil. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 166:13–23
Massaro RFS, De Carlo EH, Drupp PS, Mackenzie FT, Jones SM, Shamberger KE, Sabine CL,
Feely RA (2012) Multiple factors driving variability of CO 2 exchange between the ocean and
atmosphere in a tropical coral reef environment. Aquat Geochem 18:357–386
McGowan HA, MacKellar MC, Gray MA (2016) Direct measurements of air-sea CO 2 exchange
over a coral reef. Geophys Res Lett 43:4602–4608
Miyajima T, Hamaguchi M (2018) Carbon sequestration in sediment as an ecosystem function
of seagrass meadows. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems:
carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 33–71
Miyajima T, Koike I, Yamano H, Iizumi H (1998) Accumulation and transport of seagrass-derived
organic matter in reef flat sediment of Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
175:251–259
Miyajima T, Hori M, Hamaguchi M, Shimabukuro H, Adachi H, Yamano H, Nakaoka M (2015)
Geographic variability in organic carbon stock and accumulation rate in sediments of East
and Southeast Asian seagrass meadows. Global Biogeochem Cycles 29:397–415. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2014GB004979
10 Carbon Dynamics in Coral Reefs
Guannel G, Arkema K, Ruggiero P et al (2016) The power of three: coral reefs, seagrasses and
mangroves protect coastal regions and increase their resilience. PLoS One 11(7):e0158094.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158094
Haas AF, Nelson CE, Rohwer F, Wegley-Kelly L, Quistad SD, Carlson CA, Leichter JJ, Hatay M,
Smith JE (2013) Influence of coral and algal exudates on microbially mediated reef metabolism. PeerJ 1:e108. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.108
Hata H, Suzuki A, Maruyama T, Kurano N, Miyachi S, Ikeda Y, Kayanne H (1998) Carbon flux
by suspended and sinking particles around the barrier reef of Palau, western Pacific. Limnol
Oceanogr 43(8):1883–1893
Hata H, Kudo S, Yamano H, Kurano N, Kayanne H (2002) Organic carbon flux in Shiraho coral
reef (Ishigaki Island, Japan). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 232:129–140
Hemminga MA, Duarte CM (2000) Seagrass ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Inoue T (2018) Carbon sequestration in mangroves. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore,
pp 73–99
Jiang ZP, Huang JC, Dai M, Kao SJ, Hydes DJ, Chou WC, Jan S (2011) Short-term dynamics of
oxygen and carbon in productive nearshore shallow seawater systems off Taiwan: observations
and modeling. Limnol Oceanogr 56:1832–1849
Kayanne H (1996) Coral reefs and carbon dioxide- reply. Science 271:1299–1300
Kayanne H, Suzuki A, Saito H (1995) Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
coral reef water. Science 269:214–216
Kayanne H, Harii S, Ide Y, Akimoto F (2002) Recovery of coral populations after the 1998 bleaching on Shiraho Reef, in the southern Ryukyus, NW pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:93–103
Kayanne H, Hata H, Kudo S, Yamano H, Watanabe A, Ikeda Y, Nozaki K, Kato K, Negishi A, Saito
H (2005) Seasonal and bleaching-induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO 2 flux. Glob
Biogeochem Cycles 19:GB3015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002400
Kennedy H, Beggins J, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Holmer M, Marbà N, Middelburg JJ (2010)
Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochem Cycles
24:GB4026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003848
Kraines S, Suzuki Y, Omori T, Shitashima K, Kanahara S, Komiyama H (1997) Carbonate dynamics of the coral reef systems at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 156:1–16
Kuwae T, Kanda J, Kubo A, Nakajima F, Ogawa H, Sohma A, Suzumura M (2018) CO 2 uptake
in the shallow coastal ecosystems affected by anthropogenic impacts. In: Kuwae T, Hori M
(eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 295–319
Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG, Altier C, Hein MY, Fiorenza EA, Abu N, Jompa J,
Harvell CD (2017) Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans,
fishes, and invertebrates. Science 355:731–733
Longhini CM, Souza MFL, Silva AM (2015) Net ecosystem production, calcification and CO 2
fluxes on a reef flat in Northeastern Brazil. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 166:13–23
Massaro RFS, De Carlo EH, Drupp PS, Mackenzie FT, Jones SM, Shamberger KE, Sabine CL,
Feely RA (2012) Multiple factors driving variability of CO 2 exchange between the ocean and
atmosphere in a tropical coral reef environment. Aquat Geochem 18:357–386
McGowan HA, MacKellar MC, Gray MA (2016) Direct measurements of air-sea CO 2 exchange
over a coral reef. Geophys Res Lett 43:4602–4608
Miyajima T, Hamaguchi M (2018) Carbon sequestration in sediment as an ecosystem function
of seagrass meadows. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems:
carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 33–71
Miyajima T, Koike I, Yamano H, Iizumi H (1998) Accumulation and transport of seagrass-derived
organic matter in reef flat sediment of Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
175:251–259
Miyajima T, Hori M, Hamaguchi M, Shimabukuro H, Adachi H, Yamano H, Nakaoka M (2015)
Geographic variability in organic carbon stock and accumulation rate in sediments of East
and Southeast Asian seagrass meadows. Global Biogeochem Cycles 29:397–415. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2014GB004979
10 Carbon Dynamics in Coral Reefs