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ecosystem can be exported outside the system (i.e. to the deep layers of the open
ocean or within reef sediments) (Abo et al. 2018; Kuwae et al. 2018). An initial
simulation of DOC exports using the carbon dynamics model (Fig. 10.8) from a
fringing coral reef is shown in Fig. 10.9. Second, interactions between sediment and
water-column should be modeled. Carbon burial and sequestration in the sediments
can be the key factor determining blue-carbon dynamics (Endo and Otani 2018;
Inoue 2018; Miyajima and Hamaguchi 2018). Third, the model should properly
address seagrass, macroalgae, and mangrove biogeochemical carbon cycles. Fourth,
modeling should incorporate terrestrial carbon (so called “green carbon”) dynamics
in the coastal area, including the dynamics of suspended solids. The transport and
accumulation of green carbon in coastal areas should be evaluated together with
blue-carbon dynamics to quantify the relative importance of these carbons and to
highlight the importance of the blue carbon. Fifth, regional three-dimensional models should incorporate horizontal and vertical carbon exports in the open ocean.
Export of dissolved inorganic carbon, DOC, or POC from coastal ecosystems to the
Fig. 10.8 Integrated model for describing blue-carbon dynamics at local and regional scales
around a coral reef at Ishigaki Island, Japan. A coral polyp model, sediment model, seagrass
model, and macroalgae model (and eventually mangrove model) are incorporated into a local-scale
hydrodynamic- biogeochemical model coupled with a watershed model which calculates green
carbon flux. The model system calculates the local, reef scale primary production, calcification,
and mucus release rate and then calculates dissolved and particulate organic carbon exports to the
open ocean. A regional scale hydrodynamic model, which is downscaled from analysis/reanalysis
products of global HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model) using multi-nesting approach, is
coupled with biogeochemical and sediment models to track the fate of organic C exported from the
local scale model
A. Watanabe and T. Nakamura
ecosystem can be exported outside the system (i.e. to the deep layers of the open
ocean or within reef sediments) (Abo et al. 2018; Kuwae et al. 2018). An initial
simulation of DOC exports using the carbon dynamics model (Fig. 10.8) from a
fringing coral reef is shown in Fig. 10.9. Second, interactions between sediment and
water-column should be modeled. Carbon burial and sequestration in the sediments
can be the key factor determining blue-carbon dynamics (Endo and Otani 2018;
Inoue 2018; Miyajima and Hamaguchi 2018). Third, the model should properly
address seagrass, macroalgae, and mangrove biogeochemical carbon cycles. Fourth,
modeling should incorporate terrestrial carbon (so called “green carbon”) dynamics
in the coastal area, including the dynamics of suspended solids. The transport and
accumulation of green carbon in coastal areas should be evaluated together with
blue-carbon dynamics to quantify the relative importance of these carbons and to
highlight the importance of the blue carbon. Fifth, regional three-dimensional models should incorporate horizontal and vertical carbon exports in the open ocean.
Export of dissolved inorganic carbon, DOC, or POC from coastal ecosystems to the
Fig. 10.8 Integrated model for describing blue-carbon dynamics at local and regional scales
around a coral reef at Ishigaki Island, Japan. A coral polyp model, sediment model, seagrass
model, and macroalgae model (and eventually mangrove model) are incorporated into a local-scale
hydrodynamic- biogeochemical model coupled with a watershed model which calculates green
carbon flux. The model system calculates the local, reef scale primary production, calcification,
and mucus release rate and then calculates dissolved and particulate organic carbon exports to the
open ocean. A regional scale hydrodynamic model, which is downscaled from analysis/reanalysis
products of global HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model) using multi-nesting approach, is
coupled with biogeochemical and sediment models to track the fate of organic C exported from the
local scale model
A. Watanabe and T. Nakamura