187
Neckles H, Koepfler E, Haas L, Wetzel R, Orth R (1994) Dynamics of epiphytic photoautotrophs
and heterotrophs in Zostera marina (eelgrass) microcosms: responses to nutrient enrichment
and grazing. Estuaries 17:597–605
Odum H (1983) Systems ecology. An introduction. Wiley, New York
Olsen JL, Rouzé P, Verhelst B, Lin Y-C, Bayer T, Collen J, Dattolo E, De Paoli E, Dittami S,
Maumus F, Michel G, Kersting A, Lauritano C, Lohaus R, Töpel M, Tonon T, Vanneste K,
Amirebrahimi M, Brakel J, Boström C, Chovatia M, Grimwood J, Jenkins JW, Jueterbock A,
Mraz A, Stam WT, Tice H, Bornberg-Bauer E, Green PJ, Pearson GA, Procaccini G, Duarte
CM, Schmutz J, Reusch TBH, Van de Peer Y (2016) The genome of the seagrass Zostera
marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea. Nature 530:331–335
Orth JD, Thiele I, Palsson BO (2010) What is flux balance analysis? Nat Biotechnol 28:245–248
Orth R, Carruthers T, Dennison W, Duarte C, Fourqurean J, Heck K, Hughes A, Kendrick G,
Kenworthy W, Olyarnik S, Short F, Waycott M, Williams S (2006) A global crisis for seagrass
ecosystems. Bioscience 56:987–996
Orth R, Moore K (1983) Chesapeake Bay: an unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:51–53
Orth RJ, Montfrans JV (1984) Epiphyte-seagrass relationships with an emphasis on the role of
micrograzing: a review. Aquat Bot 18:43–69
Palacios S, Zimmerman R (2007) Response of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to CO 2 enrichment:
possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 344:1–13
Pedersen O, Binzer T, Borum J (2004) Sulphide intrusion in eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) Plant
Cell Environ 27:595–602
Penhale PA (1977) Macrophyte-epiphyte biomass and productivity in an eelgrass (Zostera marina
L.) community. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 26:211–224
Pfannschmidt T (2003) Chloroplast redox signals: how photosynthesis controls its own genes.
Trends Plant Sci 8:33–41
Pfannschmidt T, Yang C (2012) The hidden function of photosynthesis: a sensing system for environmental conditions that regulates plant acclimation responses. Protoplasma 249:125–135
Phillips R, McRoy C (eds) (1980) Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.
Garland STPM Press, New York
Pregnall AM, Smith RD, Kursar TA, Alberte RS (1984) Metabolic adaptation of Zostera marina
(eelgrass) to diurnal periods of root anoxia. Mar Biol 83:141–147
Procaccini G, Beer S, Björk M, Olsen J, Mazzuca S, Santos R (2012) Seagrass ecophysiology
meets ecological genomics: are we ready? Mar Ecol 33:522–527
Ralph P, Polk S, Moore K, Orth R, Smith W Jr (2002) Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the
seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271:189–207
Raven J (2010) Inorganic carbon acquisition by eukaryotic algae: four current questions.
Photosynth Res 106:123–134
Raven JA, Beardall J (2014) CO 2 concentrating mechanisms and environmental change. Aquat
Bot 118:24–37
Retallack G (2001) A 300-million year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant
cuticles. Nature 411:247–248
Sand-Jensen K (1977) Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat Bot 3:55–63
Sand-Jensen K, Revsbech N, Jørgensen B (1985) Microprofiles of oxygen in epiphyte communities on submerged macrophytes. Mar Biol 89:55–62
Short F, Matso K, Hoven M, Whitten J, Burdick D, Short C (2001) Lobster use of eelgrass habitat
in the Piscataqua River on the New Hampshire/Maine border, USA. Estuaries 24:277–284
Short F, Polidoro B, Livingstone S, Carpenter K, Bandiera S, Bujang J, Calumpong H, Carruthers
T, Coles R, Dennison W, Erftmeijer P, Fortes M, Freeman A, Jagtap T, Kamal A, Kendrick
G, Kenworthy J, La Nafie Y, Nasution I, Orth R, Prathep A, Sanciango J, van Tussebroek B,
Vergara S, Waycott M, Zieman J (2011) Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biol Conserv 144(7):1961–1971
8 Systems Biology and the Seagrass Paradox…
Neckles H, Koepfler E, Haas L, Wetzel R, Orth R (1994) Dynamics of epiphytic photoautotrophs
and heterotrophs in Zostera marina (eelgrass) microcosms: responses to nutrient enrichment
and grazing. Estuaries 17:597–605
Odum H (1983) Systems ecology. An introduction. Wiley, New York
Olsen JL, Rouzé P, Verhelst B, Lin Y-C, Bayer T, Collen J, Dattolo E, De Paoli E, Dittami S,
Maumus F, Michel G, Kersting A, Lauritano C, Lohaus R, Töpel M, Tonon T, Vanneste K,
Amirebrahimi M, Brakel J, Boström C, Chovatia M, Grimwood J, Jenkins JW, Jueterbock A,
Mraz A, Stam WT, Tice H, Bornberg-Bauer E, Green PJ, Pearson GA, Procaccini G, Duarte
CM, Schmutz J, Reusch TBH, Van de Peer Y (2016) The genome of the seagrass Zostera
marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea. Nature 530:331–335
Orth JD, Thiele I, Palsson BO (2010) What is flux balance analysis? Nat Biotechnol 28:245–248
Orth R, Carruthers T, Dennison W, Duarte C, Fourqurean J, Heck K, Hughes A, Kendrick G,
Kenworthy W, Olyarnik S, Short F, Waycott M, Williams S (2006) A global crisis for seagrass
ecosystems. Bioscience 56:987–996
Orth R, Moore K (1983) Chesapeake Bay: an unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:51–53
Orth RJ, Montfrans JV (1984) Epiphyte-seagrass relationships with an emphasis on the role of
micrograzing: a review. Aquat Bot 18:43–69
Palacios S, Zimmerman R (2007) Response of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to CO 2 enrichment:
possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 344:1–13
Pedersen O, Binzer T, Borum J (2004) Sulphide intrusion in eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) Plant
Cell Environ 27:595–602
Penhale PA (1977) Macrophyte-epiphyte biomass and productivity in an eelgrass (Zostera marina
L.) community. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 26:211–224
Pfannschmidt T (2003) Chloroplast redox signals: how photosynthesis controls its own genes.
Trends Plant Sci 8:33–41
Pfannschmidt T, Yang C (2012) The hidden function of photosynthesis: a sensing system for environmental conditions that regulates plant acclimation responses. Protoplasma 249:125–135
Phillips R, McRoy C (eds) (1980) Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.
Garland STPM Press, New York
Pregnall AM, Smith RD, Kursar TA, Alberte RS (1984) Metabolic adaptation of Zostera marina
(eelgrass) to diurnal periods of root anoxia. Mar Biol 83:141–147
Procaccini G, Beer S, Björk M, Olsen J, Mazzuca S, Santos R (2012) Seagrass ecophysiology
meets ecological genomics: are we ready? Mar Ecol 33:522–527
Ralph P, Polk S, Moore K, Orth R, Smith W Jr (2002) Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the
seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271:189–207
Raven J (2010) Inorganic carbon acquisition by eukaryotic algae: four current questions.
Photosynth Res 106:123–134
Raven JA, Beardall J (2014) CO 2 concentrating mechanisms and environmental change. Aquat
Bot 118:24–37
Retallack G (2001) A 300-million year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant
cuticles. Nature 411:247–248
Sand-Jensen K (1977) Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat Bot 3:55–63
Sand-Jensen K, Revsbech N, Jørgensen B (1985) Microprofiles of oxygen in epiphyte communities on submerged macrophytes. Mar Biol 89:55–62
Short F, Matso K, Hoven M, Whitten J, Burdick D, Short C (2001) Lobster use of eelgrass habitat
in the Piscataqua River on the New Hampshire/Maine border, USA. Estuaries 24:277–284
Short F, Polidoro B, Livingstone S, Carpenter K, Bandiera S, Bujang J, Calumpong H, Carruthers
T, Coles R, Dennison W, Erftmeijer P, Fortes M, Freeman A, Jagtap T, Kamal A, Kendrick
G, Kenworthy J, La Nafie Y, Nasution I, Orth R, Prathep A, Sanciango J, van Tussebroek B,
Vergara S, Waycott M, Zieman J (2011) Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biol Conserv 144(7):1961–1971
8 Systems Biology and the Seagrass Paradox…