420
Soil water
constraint on leaf area, 46
content, 199
extraction, 185
manipulations, 357
partitioning by plants, 189-190
potential, 199
reservoir, 354
sampling, 184
stress, 345
Solar energy, 45
SOM. See Soil organic matter
Sonic anemometers, 172, 174, 175
Source-sink relationships, 280
Spatial autocorrelation, 279
Species
biotic manipulations, 308-310, 320-322
global warming and ranges, 355
introduction, 323-324
keystone, 313
transplants, 323-324, 357
Spectral analysis, 18,23
Spectral vegetation indices (SVI), 45
Spodosols, 124, 134
SPOT, 13
SPOTHRV,22
Springtails, 322
Stability analysis, 383
Stable isotopes, 181-198,272-273,280-281. See also
Isotopes; Isotopic methods; Radioisotopes
Stand-level analyses, 12,253-258
Stand-to-stand scale models, 9
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 182
Standard substrates, decomposition studies, 109-110
Standing dead compartments, 32, 34--35
Stands, 7-26
Stems, 8, 24--25, 185, 186-189
Steppes, 32, 37
Sterilization, 218-220, 320
Stocking, 309-310
Stoichiometry, ecological, 389-406
Stomata, 268
Stratified sampling, 278-279, 282-283
Streams, 79-81,184,252-253,309
Strontium (Sr), 273
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), 154
Sulfates, 87, 95-96, 251, 265, 269
Sulfides, 86-87, 88, 93
Sulfur (S)
addition to soil, 292
analysis, 243
deposition, 252
fertilizers, 299-300
gas exchange, 239
gas fluxes, 241
inhibitors of oxidation, 218
labeled fertilizers, 301
as limiting nutrient, 293
mass-balance calculations, 272
nutrient-addition experiments, 294
plant emissions, 241
Sulfur dioxide (S02), 243, 265, 268
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), 239
Sulfuric acid (H2S04), 221, 330, 332
Super sinks, 221-222
Surface boundary layers (SBLs), 161-163
Surface elevations, 17
Surface reflectance, 14, 15
SVI (spectral vegetation indices), 45
Swardstick, 19
Symplast, 201
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 17,23
SYTO 13,141
Tannins, 152
Taylor's frozen turbulence model, 171
TDR (time domain reflectometry), 204--206
Index
TDEs (throughfall displacement experiments), 344,
347,348
Temperature. See also Climate; Global warming; Heat
climate manipulations, 357-362
daily changes, 79
reconstruction, 193
soil,356
trace gas solubility, 239
vertical profiles, 162
Tensiometers, 345, 346
Thermal dissipation, 209
Thermoclines, 239
Thermocouple psychrometry, 203
Throughfall,251,342-345
Throughfall displacement experiments (TDE), 344,
347,348
Thymidine, 143
Timber, 12, 36, 37. See also Forests; Trees
Time domain reflectometry (TDR), 201, 204--206,
345-348
Topographic gradients, 356
Total root carbon allocation (TRCA), 62-63
Tower-based flux measurements, 162-163,242
Trace gases. See also Gases
analytical methods, 242-244
biogenic, 235-248
conditional sampling, 174
estimation of fluxes, 235-242
exchange at plant-air interfaces, 241-242
history analysis, 244
preconcentration, 241
Trace metals, 75, 78
Soil water
constraint on leaf area, 46
content, 199
extraction, 185
manipulations, 357
partitioning by plants, 189-190
potential, 199
reservoir, 354
sampling, 184
stress, 345
Solar energy, 45
SOM. See Soil organic matter
Sonic anemometers, 172, 174, 175
Source-sink relationships, 280
Spatial autocorrelation, 279
Species
biotic manipulations, 308-310, 320-322
global warming and ranges, 355
introduction, 323-324
keystone, 313
transplants, 323-324, 357
Spectral analysis, 18,23
Spectral vegetation indices (SVI), 45
Spodosols, 124, 134
SPOT, 13
SPOTHRV,22
Springtails, 322
Stability analysis, 383
Stable isotopes, 181-198,272-273,280-281. See also
Isotopes; Isotopic methods; Radioisotopes
Stand-level analyses, 12,253-258
Stand-to-stand scale models, 9
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 182
Standard substrates, decomposition studies, 109-110
Standing dead compartments, 32, 34--35
Stands, 7-26
Stems, 8, 24--25, 185, 186-189
Steppes, 32, 37
Sterilization, 218-220, 320
Stocking, 309-310
Stoichiometry, ecological, 389-406
Stomata, 268
Stratified sampling, 278-279, 282-283
Streams, 79-81,184,252-253,309
Strontium (Sr), 273
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), 154
Sulfates, 87, 95-96, 251, 265, 269
Sulfides, 86-87, 88, 93
Sulfur (S)
addition to soil, 292
analysis, 243
deposition, 252
fertilizers, 299-300
gas exchange, 239
gas fluxes, 241
inhibitors of oxidation, 218
labeled fertilizers, 301
as limiting nutrient, 293
mass-balance calculations, 272
nutrient-addition experiments, 294
plant emissions, 241
Sulfur dioxide (S02), 243, 265, 268
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), 239
Sulfuric acid (H2S04), 221, 330, 332
Super sinks, 221-222
Surface boundary layers (SBLs), 161-163
Surface elevations, 17
Surface reflectance, 14, 15
SVI (spectral vegetation indices), 45
Swardstick, 19
Symplast, 201
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 17,23
SYTO 13,141
Tannins, 152
Taylor's frozen turbulence model, 171
TDR (time domain reflectometry), 204--206
Index
TDEs (throughfall displacement experiments), 344,
347,348
Temperature. See also Climate; Global warming; Heat
climate manipulations, 357-362
daily changes, 79
reconstruction, 193
soil,356
trace gas solubility, 239
vertical profiles, 162
Tensiometers, 345, 346
Thermal dissipation, 209
Thermoclines, 239
Thermocouple psychrometry, 203
Throughfall,251,342-345
Throughfall displacement experiments (TDE), 344,
347,348
Thymidine, 143
Timber, 12, 36, 37. See also Forests; Trees
Time domain reflectometry (TDR), 201, 204--206,
345-348
Topographic gradients, 356
Total root carbon allocation (TRCA), 62-63
Tower-based flux measurements, 162-163,242
Trace gases. See also Gases
analytical methods, 242-244
biogenic, 235-248
conditional sampling, 174
estimation of fluxes, 235-242
exchange at plant-air interfaces, 241-242
history analysis, 244
preconcentration, 241
Trace metals, 75, 78