Index
Tracers. See Isotopic methods; Radioisotopes
Transpiration, 192
Transplants, 109-110, 323-324, 357
Trap nets, 308
Trawls, 308
TRCA (total root carbon allocation), 62-63
Tree rings, 187, 193-194
Trees. See also Forests; Timber
biomass estimation, 37
crown diameter, 12
error in estimates of growth, 40
fractal models of, 9
height estimation, 19
mortality estimation, 40
three-dimensional structure of canopies, 25
vectorization method, 25
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride, 222
Trophic cascades, 312
Tropocyclops extensus, 337
Tundra, 108,292,356
Turbulences, 239
Twigs, 36-37
Ultrasonic rangefinders, 11
Ultraviolet radiation, 356, 363-364
Understory light sensors, 11
Upper system boundary (USB), 163
Urea, 296
V-notch weirs, 252
Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), 51
VCL (vegetation canopy LIDAR), 12
Vegetation. See also Plants; specific types
carbon sequestration potential, 341
classification of landscapes, 278
definition of structure, 7
transplants, 357
visual estimation, 8
Vegetation canopy LIDAR (VCL), 12
Vertical descriptors, 8
Vertical leaf area distribution, 25
Vertical stereo photographic pairs, 19
Videograph~ 12-13,63
Volatile organic carbon (VOC), 238-239, 241
Volumetric water content of soils (9y ), 199, 200,
201-202
Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiments
(IDEs), 344, 347
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), 314
Warming. See Global warming; Temperature
Water. See also Soil water; Xylem water
acid levels, 331
availability and uptake, 199-214
biogeochemistry, 277
canopy capacitance, 35
carbonic acid in, 331
chemical potential, 200-201
ecosystem-level relations, 181-198
in the environment, 199-201
grassland productivity, 33
hydrogen concentrations, 185-186
isotope pulse dynamics, 191-192
manipulation studies, 311, 324, 341-352
18 0 measurement, 73
oxygen concentrations, 185-186
and radar backscatter, 16
recycling, 193
regional quality, 249
resource partitioning, 189-190
sample collection and storage, 184-185
short-term use, 189-192
sources, 194-195
use efficiency, 192
vacuum line separation, 188
verification of treatments, 345-348
Water drawdowns, 308
Water potential, 201, 202-204
Water stress, 192, 345
Water vapor, 162,243
Water-air interface, 239-241
Watersheds, 250-253, 280
Weather, 348. See also Climate
Well-mixed box models, 119-123
Well-mixed one box models, 129-132
Wells, 184
Wet deposition, 266, 267-268
Wetlands,239,292,311
Whole-ecosystem-level budget, 249
Wind
eddy covariance, 168
friction velocity, 167
greenhouses, effect of, 359
landscape scale biogeochemistry, 277
oxygen exchange, 80-81
trace gas concentrations, 239
Winkler titration, 75
Wires, soil warming, 359-360
Wood. See Timber
Woody debris, 109, 311
Wiirgler bags, 94
X-ray microanalysis, 401
Xylem water, 184, 191-192,208-209
Zero-tension lysimeters, 254
Zinc (Zn), 78
Zobler soil texture database, 46
Zooplankton, 333,334,393-396
421
Tracers. See Isotopic methods; Radioisotopes
Transpiration, 192
Transplants, 109-110, 323-324, 357
Trap nets, 308
Trawls, 308
TRCA (total root carbon allocation), 62-63
Tree rings, 187, 193-194
Trees. See also Forests; Timber
biomass estimation, 37
crown diameter, 12
error in estimates of growth, 40
fractal models of, 9
height estimation, 19
mortality estimation, 40
three-dimensional structure of canopies, 25
vectorization method, 25
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride, 222
Trophic cascades, 312
Tropocyclops extensus, 337
Tundra, 108,292,356
Turbulences, 239
Twigs, 36-37
Ultrasonic rangefinders, 11
Ultraviolet radiation, 356, 363-364
Understory light sensors, 11
Upper system boundary (USB), 163
Urea, 296
V-notch weirs, 252
Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), 51
VCL (vegetation canopy LIDAR), 12
Vegetation. See also Plants; specific types
carbon sequestration potential, 341
classification of landscapes, 278
definition of structure, 7
transplants, 357
visual estimation, 8
Vegetation canopy LIDAR (VCL), 12
Vertical descriptors, 8
Vertical leaf area distribution, 25
Vertical stereo photographic pairs, 19
Videograph~ 12-13,63
Volatile organic carbon (VOC), 238-239, 241
Volumetric water content of soils (9y ), 199, 200,
201-202
Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiments
(IDEs), 344, 347
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), 314
Warming. See Global warming; Temperature
Water. See also Soil water; Xylem water
acid levels, 331
availability and uptake, 199-214
biogeochemistry, 277
canopy capacitance, 35
carbonic acid in, 331
chemical potential, 200-201
ecosystem-level relations, 181-198
in the environment, 199-201
grassland productivity, 33
hydrogen concentrations, 185-186
isotope pulse dynamics, 191-192
manipulation studies, 311, 324, 341-352
18 0 measurement, 73
oxygen concentrations, 185-186
and radar backscatter, 16
recycling, 193
regional quality, 249
resource partitioning, 189-190
sample collection and storage, 184-185
short-term use, 189-192
sources, 194-195
use efficiency, 192
vacuum line separation, 188
verification of treatments, 345-348
Water drawdowns, 308
Water potential, 201, 202-204
Water stress, 192, 345
Water vapor, 162,243
Water-air interface, 239-241
Watersheds, 250-253, 280
Weather, 348. See also Climate
Well-mixed box models, 119-123
Well-mixed one box models, 129-132
Wells, 184
Wet deposition, 266, 267-268
Wetlands,239,292,311
Whole-ecosystem-level budget, 249
Wind
eddy covariance, 168
friction velocity, 167
greenhouses, effect of, 359
landscape scale biogeochemistry, 277
oxygen exchange, 80-81
trace gas concentrations, 239
Winkler titration, 75
Wires, soil warming, 359-360
Wood. See Timber
Woody debris, 109, 311
Wiirgler bags, 94
X-ray microanalysis, 401
Xylem water, 184, 191-192,208-209
Zero-tension lysimeters, 254
Zinc (Zn), 78
Zobler soil texture database, 46
Zooplankton, 333,334,393-396
421
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