26. Stoichiometric Analysis of Pelagic Ecosystems: The Biogeochemistry of Planktonic Food Webs
405
I. Nitrogen dynamics. Marine Eco1. Prog. Ser. 24:231242; 1985.
Goldman, lC.; Caron, D.A; Dennett, M.R. Nutrient
cycling in a microflagellate food chain. IV.
Phytoplankton-microflagellate interactions. Marine
Eco1. Prog. Ser 38:75-87; 1987.
Goldman, J.C.; McCarthy, J.J.; Peavey, D.G. Growth rate
influence on the chemical composition of phytoplankton in oceanic waters. Nature 279:210-215; 1979.
Hall, D.J.; Threlkeld, S.T.; Burns, C.w.; Crowley, P.H.
The size-efficiency hypothesis and the size structure
of zooplankton communities. Annu. Rev. Eco1. Syst.
7:177-208; 1976.
Harris, G.P. Phytoplankton Ecology: Structure, Function,
and Fluctuation. London: Chapman and Hall; 1986.
Hassett, RP.; Cardinale, B.; Stabler, L.B.; Elser, lJ. Ecological stoichiometry of N and P in pelagic ecosystems: Comparison of lakes and oceans with emphasis
on the zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:648-662; 1997.
Healey, F.P. Interacting effects of light and nutrient limitation on the growth rate of Synechococcus linearis
(Cyanophyceae). J. Phyco1. 21:134-146; 1985.
Healey, F.P.; Hendzel, L.L. Physiological indicators of
nutrient deficiency in lake phytoplankton. Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 37:442-543; 1980.
Hecky, R.W.; Campell, P.; Hendzell, L.L. The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in particulate matter of lakes and oceans. Limno1. Oceanogr.
38:709-724; 1993.
Hessen, D.O. The effect of substrate stoichiometry on
microbial activity and carbon degradation in humic
lakes. Environ. Intemat. 20:67-76; 1994.
Hessen, D.O. Stoichiometry in food webs: Lotka revisited. Oikos 79:195-200; 1997.
Hessen, D.O.; Andersen, T. The algae-grazer interface:
Feedback mechanisms linked to elemental ratios and
nutrient cycling. Arch. Hydrobio1. Beih. Ergeb. Limno1. 35:111-120; 1992.
Hessen, D.O.; Lyche, A. Inter- and intraspecific variations in zooplankton element composition. Arch. Hydrobio1. 121:343-353; 1991.
Hutchinson, G .E. The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat.
85:137-145; 1961.
Jurgens, K.; Gude, H. Incorporation and release of phosphorus by bacteria and phagotrophic flagellates. Marine Eco1. Prog. Ser. 59:271-284; 1990.
Karl, D.; Letelier, R; Tupas, L.; Dore, J.; Christian, l;
Hebel, D. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean.
Nature 388:533-538; 1997.
Karl, D.M.; Letelier, R; Hebel, D.; Tupas, L.; Dore, J.;
Christian, J.; Winn, C. Ecosystem changes in the
North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 199192 EI Nino. Nature 373:230-234; 1995.
Lampert, w.; Schober, D. The importance of "threshold"
food concentrations. In: Kerfoot, W.C., ed. Evolution
and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. Hanover,
NH: Dniv. Pro New England; 1980:264-267.
Likens, G.E., ed. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic
Ecology: Mirror Lake and Its Environment. New York:
Springer; 1985.
Lindeman, RL. The trophic dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology 23:399-418; 1942.
MacKay, N.A; Elser, lJ. Factors potentially preventing
trophic cascades: Food quality, invertebrate predation,
and their interaction. Limno1. Oceanogr. 43:339-347;
1998.
Main, T.; Dobberfuhl, D.R.; Elser, lJ. N:P stoichiometry
and ontogeny in crustacean zooplankton: A test of the
growth rate hypothesis. Limno1. Oceanogr. 42:14741478; 1997.
Malley, D.F.; Williams, P.C.; Stainton, M.P.; Hauser,
B.W. Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorus in seston from oligotrophic lakes. Can. 1
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:1779-1785; 1993.
Masuda, M. Stoichiometric relations of complex chemical reaction networks and stoichiometric number theory: A criterion for preserving overall stoichiometry
in reduced mechanisms. J. Chern. Phys. 92:60306035; 1990.
Morris, I., ed. The Physiological Ecology of the Phytoplankton. Berkeley, CA: Dniv. California Pr.; 1980.
Miiller-Navarra, D. Evidence that a highly unsaturated
fatty acid limits Daphnia growth in nature. Arch. Hydrobio1. 132:297-307; 1995.
Mullin, M.M. Webs and scales: Physical and ecological
processes in marine fish recruitment. Seattle, WA:
Dniv. Washington Pr.; 1993.
Nakano, S. Carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios and nutrient regeneration of a heterotrophic flagellate fed on
baceria with different elemental ratios. Arch. HydrobioI. 129:257-271; 1994.
Nygaard, K.; Tobiesen, A Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 38:273-279; 1993.
Olsen, Y.; Jensen, A; Reinertsen, H.; Borsheim, K.Y.;
Heldal, M.; Langeland, A Dependence of the rate of
release of phosphorus by zooplankton on the P:C ratio
in the food supply, as calculated by a recycling model.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:34-44; 1986.
Reiners, W.A Complementary models for ecosystems.
Am. Nat. 127:59-73; 1986.
Reynolds, C.S. The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge: Cambridge Dniv. Pr.; 1984.
Rhee, G. Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell composition, and nitrate
uptake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:10-25; 1978.
405
I. Nitrogen dynamics. Marine Eco1. Prog. Ser. 24:231242; 1985.
Goldman, lC.; Caron, D.A; Dennett, M.R. Nutrient
cycling in a microflagellate food chain. IV.
Phytoplankton-microflagellate interactions. Marine
Eco1. Prog. Ser 38:75-87; 1987.
Goldman, J.C.; McCarthy, J.J.; Peavey, D.G. Growth rate
influence on the chemical composition of phytoplankton in oceanic waters. Nature 279:210-215; 1979.
Hall, D.J.; Threlkeld, S.T.; Burns, C.w.; Crowley, P.H.
The size-efficiency hypothesis and the size structure
of zooplankton communities. Annu. Rev. Eco1. Syst.
7:177-208; 1976.
Harris, G.P. Phytoplankton Ecology: Structure, Function,
and Fluctuation. London: Chapman and Hall; 1986.
Hassett, RP.; Cardinale, B.; Stabler, L.B.; Elser, lJ. Ecological stoichiometry of N and P in pelagic ecosystems: Comparison of lakes and oceans with emphasis
on the zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:648-662; 1997.
Healey, F.P. Interacting effects of light and nutrient limitation on the growth rate of Synechococcus linearis
(Cyanophyceae). J. Phyco1. 21:134-146; 1985.
Healey, F.P.; Hendzel, L.L. Physiological indicators of
nutrient deficiency in lake phytoplankton. Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 37:442-543; 1980.
Hecky, R.W.; Campell, P.; Hendzell, L.L. The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in particulate matter of lakes and oceans. Limno1. Oceanogr.
38:709-724; 1993.
Hessen, D.O. The effect of substrate stoichiometry on
microbial activity and carbon degradation in humic
lakes. Environ. Intemat. 20:67-76; 1994.
Hessen, D.O. Stoichiometry in food webs: Lotka revisited. Oikos 79:195-200; 1997.
Hessen, D.O.; Andersen, T. The algae-grazer interface:
Feedback mechanisms linked to elemental ratios and
nutrient cycling. Arch. Hydrobio1. Beih. Ergeb. Limno1. 35:111-120; 1992.
Hessen, D.O.; Lyche, A. Inter- and intraspecific variations in zooplankton element composition. Arch. Hydrobio1. 121:343-353; 1991.
Hutchinson, G .E. The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat.
85:137-145; 1961.
Jurgens, K.; Gude, H. Incorporation and release of phosphorus by bacteria and phagotrophic flagellates. Marine Eco1. Prog. Ser. 59:271-284; 1990.
Karl, D.; Letelier, R; Tupas, L.; Dore, J.; Christian, l;
Hebel, D. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean.
Nature 388:533-538; 1997.
Karl, D.M.; Letelier, R; Hebel, D.; Tupas, L.; Dore, J.;
Christian, J.; Winn, C. Ecosystem changes in the
North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 199192 EI Nino. Nature 373:230-234; 1995.
Lampert, w.; Schober, D. The importance of "threshold"
food concentrations. In: Kerfoot, W.C., ed. Evolution
and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. Hanover,
NH: Dniv. Pro New England; 1980:264-267.
Likens, G.E., ed. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic
Ecology: Mirror Lake and Its Environment. New York:
Springer; 1985.
Lindeman, RL. The trophic dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology 23:399-418; 1942.
MacKay, N.A; Elser, lJ. Factors potentially preventing
trophic cascades: Food quality, invertebrate predation,
and their interaction. Limno1. Oceanogr. 43:339-347;
1998.
Main, T.; Dobberfuhl, D.R.; Elser, lJ. N:P stoichiometry
and ontogeny in crustacean zooplankton: A test of the
growth rate hypothesis. Limno1. Oceanogr. 42:14741478; 1997.
Malley, D.F.; Williams, P.C.; Stainton, M.P.; Hauser,
B.W. Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorus in seston from oligotrophic lakes. Can. 1
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:1779-1785; 1993.
Masuda, M. Stoichiometric relations of complex chemical reaction networks and stoichiometric number theory: A criterion for preserving overall stoichiometry
in reduced mechanisms. J. Chern. Phys. 92:60306035; 1990.
Morris, I., ed. The Physiological Ecology of the Phytoplankton. Berkeley, CA: Dniv. California Pr.; 1980.
Miiller-Navarra, D. Evidence that a highly unsaturated
fatty acid limits Daphnia growth in nature. Arch. Hydrobio1. 132:297-307; 1995.
Mullin, M.M. Webs and scales: Physical and ecological
processes in marine fish recruitment. Seattle, WA:
Dniv. Washington Pr.; 1993.
Nakano, S. Carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios and nutrient regeneration of a heterotrophic flagellate fed on
baceria with different elemental ratios. Arch. HydrobioI. 129:257-271; 1994.
Nygaard, K.; Tobiesen, A Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 38:273-279; 1993.
Olsen, Y.; Jensen, A; Reinertsen, H.; Borsheim, K.Y.;
Heldal, M.; Langeland, A Dependence of the rate of
release of phosphorus by zooplankton on the P:C ratio
in the food supply, as calculated by a recycling model.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:34-44; 1986.
Reiners, W.A Complementary models for ecosystems.
Am. Nat. 127:59-73; 1986.
Reynolds, C.S. The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge: Cambridge Dniv. Pr.; 1984.
Rhee, G. Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell composition, and nitrate
uptake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:10-25; 1978.