404
measurement may make it possible to develop a
single framework that incorporates the common
principles regulating nutrient cycling and trophic
dynamics in all ecosystems.
Acknowledgments. Jotaro Urabe, Tom Andersen,
Tom Chrzanowski, and Mike Pace provided useful
comments on early versions of this material. I thank
Bob Howarth and Osvaldo Sala for the invitation
to prepare this chapter. I am also grateful to J otaro
Urabe and staff at the Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, for providing a productive working atmosphere when the first draft of this
chapter was produced. My stay in Japan was supported by Kyoto University and National Science
Foundation (NSF) INT-9602466. Many of these
data and ideas were generated due to studies
supported by NSF grants DEB-9119269 and
DEB-9527322.
References
Agren, G.l. Ideal nutrient productivities and nutrient proportions in plant growth. Plant Cell Environ. 11 :613620; 1988.
Andersen, T. Pelagic Nutrient Cycles: Herbivores as
Sources and Sinks. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1997.
Andersen, T.; Hessen, D.O. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of freshwater zooplankton. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 36:807-814; 1991.
Brett, M.T.; Goldman, e.R. A meta-analysis of the
trophic cascade. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93:77237726; 1996.
Broecker, W.S. Ocean chemistry during glacial time.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46:1689-1705; 1982.
Brooks, J.L.; Dodson, S.l. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150:28-35; 1965.
Caron, D.A.; Goldman, J.e.; Dennett, M.R Experimental demonstration of the roles of bacteria and bacterivorous protozoa in plankton nutrient cycles. Hydrobiologia 159:27-40; 1988.
Carpenter, S.R.; Kitchell, J.P.; Hodgson, J.R Cascading
trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience
35:634-639; 1985.
Chrzanowski, T.H.; Kyle, M. Ratios of carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus in Pseudomonas fiuorescens as a
model for bacterial element ratios and nutrient regeneration. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10:115-122; 1996.
Chrzanowski, T.H.; Kyle, M.; Elser, J.J.; Sterner, R.W.
Element ratios and growth dynamics of bacteria in an
oligotrophic Canadian shield lake. Aquat. Microb.
Ecol. 11:119-125; 1997.
James 1. Elser
Clarke, B.L. Stoichiometric network analysis of the
oxalate-persulfate-silver oscillator. J. Chern. Phys.
97:2459-2472; 1992.
DeMelo, R; France, R; McQueen, D.J. Biomanipulation: Hit or myth? Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 37:192-207;
1992.
DeMott, W.R The role of competition in zooplankton
succession. In: Sommer, U., ed. Plankton Ecology.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1989:195-252.
DeMott, W.R; Gulati, R.D. Phosphorus limitation in
Daphnia: Evidence from a long-term study of three
hypereutrophic Dutch lakes. Lirnnol. Oceanogr.
44:1557-1564; 1999.
Dobberfuhl, D.R N:P Stoichiometry in Crustacean Zooplankton: Phylogenetic Patterns, Physiological Mechanisms, and Ecological Consequences. Ph.D. thesis,
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 1999.
Eccleston-Parry, J.D.; Leadbeater, B.S.C. Regeneration
of phosphorus and nitrogen by four species of heterotrophic nanofiagellates feeding on three nutritional
states of a single bacterial strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1033-1038; 1995.
Elser, J.J.; Chrzanowski, T.H.; Sterner, RW.; Mills, K.H.
Stoichiometric constraints on food-web dynamics: A
whole-lake experiment on the Canadian Shield. Ecosystems 1:120-136; 1998.
Elser, J.J.; Chrzanowski, T.H.; Sterner, R.W.; Schampel,
J.H.; Foster, D.K. Elemental ratios and the uptake and
release of nutrients by phytoplankton and bacteria in
three lakes of the Canadian Shield. Microb. Ecol.
29:145-162; 1995a.
Elser, lJ.; Dobberfuhl, D.; MacKay, N.A.; Schampel,
J.H. Organism size, life history, and N:P stoichiometry: Towards a unified view of cellular and ecosystem
processes. BioScience 46:674-684; 1996.
Elser, J.J.; Elser, M.M.; MacKay, N.A.; Carpenter, S.R.
Zooplankton-mediated transitions between N and P
limited algal growth. Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1-14;
1988.
Elser, J.J.; Hassett, RP. A stoichiometric analysis of the
zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction in marine and
freshwater ecosystems. Nature 370:211-213; 1994.
Elser, lJ.; Luecke, e.; Brett, M.T.; Goldman, C.R Effects of food web compensation after manipulation of
rainbow trout in an oligotrophic lake. Ecology 76:5269; 1995b.
Elser, J.J.; Urabe, J. The stoichiometry of consumerdriven nutrient cycling: Theory, observations, and
consequences. Ecology 80:735-751; 1999.
Gaedke, U.; Straile, D. Seasonal changes of trophic transfer efficiencies in a plankton food web derived from
biomass size distributions and network analysis. Ecol.
Model. 75176:435-445; 1994.
Goldman, J.e.; Caron, D.A.; Andersen, O.K.; Dennett,
M.R Nutrient cycling in a microfiagellate food chain.
measurement may make it possible to develop a
single framework that incorporates the common
principles regulating nutrient cycling and trophic
dynamics in all ecosystems.
Acknowledgments. Jotaro Urabe, Tom Andersen,
Tom Chrzanowski, and Mike Pace provided useful
comments on early versions of this material. I thank
Bob Howarth and Osvaldo Sala for the invitation
to prepare this chapter. I am also grateful to J otaro
Urabe and staff at the Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, for providing a productive working atmosphere when the first draft of this
chapter was produced. My stay in Japan was supported by Kyoto University and National Science
Foundation (NSF) INT-9602466. Many of these
data and ideas were generated due to studies
supported by NSF grants DEB-9119269 and
DEB-9527322.
References
Agren, G.l. Ideal nutrient productivities and nutrient proportions in plant growth. Plant Cell Environ. 11 :613620; 1988.
Andersen, T. Pelagic Nutrient Cycles: Herbivores as
Sources and Sinks. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1997.
Andersen, T.; Hessen, D.O. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of freshwater zooplankton. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 36:807-814; 1991.
Brett, M.T.; Goldman, e.R. A meta-analysis of the
trophic cascade. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93:77237726; 1996.
Broecker, W.S. Ocean chemistry during glacial time.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46:1689-1705; 1982.
Brooks, J.L.; Dodson, S.l. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150:28-35; 1965.
Caron, D.A.; Goldman, J.e.; Dennett, M.R Experimental demonstration of the roles of bacteria and bacterivorous protozoa in plankton nutrient cycles. Hydrobiologia 159:27-40; 1988.
Carpenter, S.R.; Kitchell, J.P.; Hodgson, J.R Cascading
trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience
35:634-639; 1985.
Chrzanowski, T.H.; Kyle, M. Ratios of carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus in Pseudomonas fiuorescens as a
model for bacterial element ratios and nutrient regeneration. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10:115-122; 1996.
Chrzanowski, T.H.; Kyle, M.; Elser, J.J.; Sterner, R.W.
Element ratios and growth dynamics of bacteria in an
oligotrophic Canadian shield lake. Aquat. Microb.
Ecol. 11:119-125; 1997.
James 1. Elser
Clarke, B.L. Stoichiometric network analysis of the
oxalate-persulfate-silver oscillator. J. Chern. Phys.
97:2459-2472; 1992.
DeMelo, R; France, R; McQueen, D.J. Biomanipulation: Hit or myth? Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 37:192-207;
1992.
DeMott, W.R The role of competition in zooplankton
succession. In: Sommer, U., ed. Plankton Ecology.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1989:195-252.
DeMott, W.R; Gulati, R.D. Phosphorus limitation in
Daphnia: Evidence from a long-term study of three
hypereutrophic Dutch lakes. Lirnnol. Oceanogr.
44:1557-1564; 1999.
Dobberfuhl, D.R N:P Stoichiometry in Crustacean Zooplankton: Phylogenetic Patterns, Physiological Mechanisms, and Ecological Consequences. Ph.D. thesis,
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 1999.
Eccleston-Parry, J.D.; Leadbeater, B.S.C. Regeneration
of phosphorus and nitrogen by four species of heterotrophic nanofiagellates feeding on three nutritional
states of a single bacterial strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1033-1038; 1995.
Elser, J.J.; Chrzanowski, T.H.; Sterner, RW.; Mills, K.H.
Stoichiometric constraints on food-web dynamics: A
whole-lake experiment on the Canadian Shield. Ecosystems 1:120-136; 1998.
Elser, J.J.; Chrzanowski, T.H.; Sterner, R.W.; Schampel,
J.H.; Foster, D.K. Elemental ratios and the uptake and
release of nutrients by phytoplankton and bacteria in
three lakes of the Canadian Shield. Microb. Ecol.
29:145-162; 1995a.
Elser, lJ.; Dobberfuhl, D.; MacKay, N.A.; Schampel,
J.H. Organism size, life history, and N:P stoichiometry: Towards a unified view of cellular and ecosystem
processes. BioScience 46:674-684; 1996.
Elser, J.J.; Elser, M.M.; MacKay, N.A.; Carpenter, S.R.
Zooplankton-mediated transitions between N and P
limited algal growth. Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1-14;
1988.
Elser, J.J.; Hassett, RP. A stoichiometric analysis of the
zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction in marine and
freshwater ecosystems. Nature 370:211-213; 1994.
Elser, lJ.; Luecke, e.; Brett, M.T.; Goldman, C.R Effects of food web compensation after manipulation of
rainbow trout in an oligotrophic lake. Ecology 76:5269; 1995b.
Elser, J.J.; Urabe, J. The stoichiometry of consumerdriven nutrient cycling: Theory, observations, and
consequences. Ecology 80:735-751; 1999.
Gaedke, U.; Straile, D. Seasonal changes of trophic transfer efficiencies in a plankton food web derived from
biomass size distributions and network analysis. Ecol.
Model. 75176:435-445; 1994.
Goldman, J.e.; Caron, D.A.; Andersen, O.K.; Dennett,
M.R Nutrient cycling in a microfiagellate food chain.