368
Nijs, I.; Kockelbergh, E; Teughels, H.; Blum, H.; Hendrey, G.; Impens, I. Free Air Temperature Increase
(FATI): A new tool to study global warming effects
on plants in the field. Plant Cell Environ. 19:495-502;
1996.
Norby, R.1.; Edwards, N.T.; Riggs, lS.; Abner, C.H.;
Wullscleger, S.D.; Gunderson, e.A Temperaturecontrolled open-top chambers for global change research. Global Change BioI. 3:259-267; 1997.
[NSFESP] National Science Foundation, Ecosystem
Studies Program. Soil-warming experiments in global
change research, Woods Hole, MA, September 27 and
28, 1991.
Oechel, w.e.; Riechers, G.; Lawrence, W.T.; Prudhomme, T.J.; Grulke, N.; Hastings, S.1. C02LT: An
automated, null-balance system for studying the effects of elevated CO2 and global climate change on
unmanaged ecosystems. Funct. EcoI. 6:86-100; 1992.
Olszyk, D.; Dai, Q.1.; Teng, P.; Leung, H.; Luo, Y.; Peng,
S.B. UV-B effects on crops: Response of the irrigated
rice ecosystem. l Plant PhysioI. 148:26-34; 1996.
Pacala, S.; and Hurtt, G. Terrestrial vegetation and climate change: Integrating models and experiments. In:
Kareiva, P.; Kingsolver, P.; Huey, R., eds. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer; 1993: 57-74.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Melillo, J.M.; Bowles, EP.; Steudler,
P.A Soil warming and trace gas fluxes: Experimental
design and preliminary flux results. Oecologia 93:1824; 1993.
Peterjohn, w.T.; Melillo, J.M.; Steudler, P.A; Newkirk,
K.M.; Steudler, P.A.; Newkirk, K.M.; Bowles, EP.;
Aber, lD. Responses of trace gas fluxes and N availability to experimentally elevated soil temperatures.
Ecol. Applic. 4:617-625; 1994.
Randall, D.A; Dazlich, D.A; Zhang, C.; Denning, AS.;
Sellers, P.J.; Tucker, C.1.; Bounoua, L.; Los, S.O.;
Justice, e.0.; Fung, I. A revised land surface parameterization (SIB2) for GCMs. 3. The greening of the
Colorado State University general circulation model.
J. Climate 9:738-763; 1996.
Rau, w.; Hofmann, H. Sensitivity to UV-B of plants
growing in different altitudes in the Alps. l Plant
PhysioI. 148:21-25; 1996.
Rawat, AS.; Purohit, A.N. CO2 and water vapour exchange in 4 alpine herbs at 2 altitudes and under varying light and temperature conditions. Photosyn. Res.
28:99-108; 1991.
Repo, T.; Hanninen, H.; Kellomaki, S. The effects of
long-term elevation of air temperature and CO2 on the
frost hardiness of Scots pine. Plant Cell Environ.
19:209-216; 1996.
Ross, RJ.; Elliott, w.P. Tropospheric water vapor climatology and trends over North America: 1973-93. J.
Climate 9:3561-3574; 1996.
Karin P. Shen and John Harte
Rosswall, T., Woodmansee, R.G.; Risser, P.G. Scales and
global change, Chichester, England: Wiley; 1988.
Rundel, R Computation of spectral distribution and intensity of solar UV-B radiation. In: Worrest, RC.;
Caldwell, M.M., eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction,
Solar Uv, and Plant Life. NATO ASI Series G. Vol.
8. New York: Plenum; 1986:49-62.
Rykbost, K.A.; Boersma, L.; Mack, H.1.; Schmisseur,
W.E. Yield response to soil warming: Agronomic
crops. Agron. l 67:733-738; 1975.
Saleska, S.; Harte, l; Tom, M. Effect of experimental
ecosystem warming on CO2 fluxes in a montane
meadow. Global Change BioI. 5:125-142; 1999.
Sato, N.; Sellers, P.1.; Randall, D.A.; Schneider, E.K.;
Shukla, J.; Kinter, J.L.; Hou, Y.T.; and Albertazzi, E.
Effects of implementing the Simple Biosphere Model
in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci.
46:2757-2782; 1989.
Schimel, D.; Alves, D.; Enting, I.; Heimann, M.; Joos,
E; Raynaud, D.; Wigley, T.; Prather, M.; Derwent, R;
Enhalt, D.; Fraser, P.; Sanhueza, E.; Zhou, X.; Jonas,
P.; Charlson, R.; Rodhe, H.; Sadavisan, S.; Shine, K.P.;
Fouquart, Y.; Ramaswamy, Y.; Solomon, S.; Srinivasan, l; Albirtton, D.; Derwent, R.; Isakson, I.; Lal,
M.; Wuebbles, D. Radiative forcing of climate. In:
Houghton, IT.; Meira Filho, L.G.; Callender, B.A.;
Harris, N.; Kattenberg, A; Maskell, K., eds. Climate
Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1995:65-132.
Sellers, P.1.; Dickinson, RE.; Randall, D.A.; Betts, AK.;
Hall, EG.; Berry, lA; Collatz, G.1.; Denning, A.S.;
Mooney, H.A; Nobre, C.A.; Sato, N.; Field, e.B.;
Henderson-Sellers, A Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the
atmosphere. Science 275:502-509; 1997.
Sellers, P.J.; Mintz, Y.; Sud, Y.e.; Dalcher, A A simple
biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 43:505-530; 1986.
Shen, K.P. A modelling study of experimental warming
of a sub-alpine meadow. Doctoral thesis, University
of California, Berkeley, CA, 1998.
Stanton, M.L.; Rejmanek, M.; and Galen, e. Changes in
vegetation and soil fertility along a predictable snowmelt gradient in the mosquito range, Colorado, USA
Arctic Alp. Res. 26:364-374; 1994.
Strathdee, A.T.; Bale, lS.; Block, W.C.; Coulson, S.1.;
Hodkinson, LD.; Webb, N.R. Effects of temperature
elevation on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (hemiptera, aphididae) on Spitsbergen. Oecologia 96:457-465; 1993.
Sturges, D.L. Response of mountain big sagebrush to induced snow accumulation. l Appl. Ecol. 26: 10351041; 1989.
Nijs, I.; Kockelbergh, E; Teughels, H.; Blum, H.; Hendrey, G.; Impens, I. Free Air Temperature Increase
(FATI): A new tool to study global warming effects
on plants in the field. Plant Cell Environ. 19:495-502;
1996.
Norby, R.1.; Edwards, N.T.; Riggs, lS.; Abner, C.H.;
Wullscleger, S.D.; Gunderson, e.A Temperaturecontrolled open-top chambers for global change research. Global Change BioI. 3:259-267; 1997.
[NSFESP] National Science Foundation, Ecosystem
Studies Program. Soil-warming experiments in global
change research, Woods Hole, MA, September 27 and
28, 1991.
Oechel, w.e.; Riechers, G.; Lawrence, W.T.; Prudhomme, T.J.; Grulke, N.; Hastings, S.1. C02LT: An
automated, null-balance system for studying the effects of elevated CO2 and global climate change on
unmanaged ecosystems. Funct. EcoI. 6:86-100; 1992.
Olszyk, D.; Dai, Q.1.; Teng, P.; Leung, H.; Luo, Y.; Peng,
S.B. UV-B effects on crops: Response of the irrigated
rice ecosystem. l Plant PhysioI. 148:26-34; 1996.
Pacala, S.; and Hurtt, G. Terrestrial vegetation and climate change: Integrating models and experiments. In:
Kareiva, P.; Kingsolver, P.; Huey, R., eds. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer; 1993: 57-74.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Melillo, J.M.; Bowles, EP.; Steudler,
P.A Soil warming and trace gas fluxes: Experimental
design and preliminary flux results. Oecologia 93:1824; 1993.
Peterjohn, w.T.; Melillo, J.M.; Steudler, P.A; Newkirk,
K.M.; Steudler, P.A.; Newkirk, K.M.; Bowles, EP.;
Aber, lD. Responses of trace gas fluxes and N availability to experimentally elevated soil temperatures.
Ecol. Applic. 4:617-625; 1994.
Randall, D.A; Dazlich, D.A; Zhang, C.; Denning, AS.;
Sellers, P.J.; Tucker, C.1.; Bounoua, L.; Los, S.O.;
Justice, e.0.; Fung, I. A revised land surface parameterization (SIB2) for GCMs. 3. The greening of the
Colorado State University general circulation model.
J. Climate 9:738-763; 1996.
Rau, w.; Hofmann, H. Sensitivity to UV-B of plants
growing in different altitudes in the Alps. l Plant
PhysioI. 148:21-25; 1996.
Rawat, AS.; Purohit, A.N. CO2 and water vapour exchange in 4 alpine herbs at 2 altitudes and under varying light and temperature conditions. Photosyn. Res.
28:99-108; 1991.
Repo, T.; Hanninen, H.; Kellomaki, S. The effects of
long-term elevation of air temperature and CO2 on the
frost hardiness of Scots pine. Plant Cell Environ.
19:209-216; 1996.
Ross, RJ.; Elliott, w.P. Tropospheric water vapor climatology and trends over North America: 1973-93. J.
Climate 9:3561-3574; 1996.
Karin P. Shen and John Harte
Rosswall, T., Woodmansee, R.G.; Risser, P.G. Scales and
global change, Chichester, England: Wiley; 1988.
Rundel, R Computation of spectral distribution and intensity of solar UV-B radiation. In: Worrest, RC.;
Caldwell, M.M., eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction,
Solar Uv, and Plant Life. NATO ASI Series G. Vol.
8. New York: Plenum; 1986:49-62.
Rykbost, K.A.; Boersma, L.; Mack, H.1.; Schmisseur,
W.E. Yield response to soil warming: Agronomic
crops. Agron. l 67:733-738; 1975.
Saleska, S.; Harte, l; Tom, M. Effect of experimental
ecosystem warming on CO2 fluxes in a montane
meadow. Global Change BioI. 5:125-142; 1999.
Sato, N.; Sellers, P.1.; Randall, D.A.; Schneider, E.K.;
Shukla, J.; Kinter, J.L.; Hou, Y.T.; and Albertazzi, E.
Effects of implementing the Simple Biosphere Model
in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci.
46:2757-2782; 1989.
Schimel, D.; Alves, D.; Enting, I.; Heimann, M.; Joos,
E; Raynaud, D.; Wigley, T.; Prather, M.; Derwent, R;
Enhalt, D.; Fraser, P.; Sanhueza, E.; Zhou, X.; Jonas,
P.; Charlson, R.; Rodhe, H.; Sadavisan, S.; Shine, K.P.;
Fouquart, Y.; Ramaswamy, Y.; Solomon, S.; Srinivasan, l; Albirtton, D.; Derwent, R.; Isakson, I.; Lal,
M.; Wuebbles, D. Radiative forcing of climate. In:
Houghton, IT.; Meira Filho, L.G.; Callender, B.A.;
Harris, N.; Kattenberg, A; Maskell, K., eds. Climate
Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1995:65-132.
Sellers, P.1.; Dickinson, RE.; Randall, D.A.; Betts, AK.;
Hall, EG.; Berry, lA; Collatz, G.1.; Denning, A.S.;
Mooney, H.A; Nobre, C.A.; Sato, N.; Field, e.B.;
Henderson-Sellers, A Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the
atmosphere. Science 275:502-509; 1997.
Sellers, P.J.; Mintz, Y.; Sud, Y.e.; Dalcher, A A simple
biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 43:505-530; 1986.
Shen, K.P. A modelling study of experimental warming
of a sub-alpine meadow. Doctoral thesis, University
of California, Berkeley, CA, 1998.
Stanton, M.L.; Rejmanek, M.; and Galen, e. Changes in
vegetation and soil fertility along a predictable snowmelt gradient in the mosquito range, Colorado, USA
Arctic Alp. Res. 26:364-374; 1994.
Strathdee, A.T.; Bale, lS.; Block, W.C.; Coulson, S.1.;
Hodkinson, LD.; Webb, N.R. Effects of temperature
elevation on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (hemiptera, aphididae) on Spitsbergen. Oecologia 96:457-465; 1993.
Sturges, D.L. Response of mountain big sagebrush to induced snow accumulation. l Appl. Ecol. 26: 10351041; 1989.