286
Hutchinson, G.E.; Bowen, v.T. A direct demonstration
of the phosphorus cycle in a small lake. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 33:148-153; 1947.
Jeffers, J.N.R. Statistical and mathematical approaches
to issues of scales in ecology. In: Rosswall, T.; Woodmansee, R.G.; Risser, P.G., eds. Scales and Global
Change. New York: Wiley; 1988:47-56.
Jenny, H. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1941.
Jenny, H. The Soil Resource: Origin and Behavior. New
York: Springer-Verlag; 1980.
Johansson, M.-B.; Berg, B.; Meentemeyer, V. Litter
mass-loss rates in late stages of decomposition in a
climatic transect of pine forests. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. IX. Can. J. Bot.
73:1509-1521; 1995.
Kareiva, P.; Wennergren, U. Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystem and population processes. Nature
373:299-302; 1995.
Kielland, K. Landscape patterns of free amino acids in
arctic tundra soils. Biogeochemistry 31:85-98; 1995.
Kirkby, M.I.; Imeson, A.C.; Bergkamp, G.; Carnmeraat,
L.H. Scaling up processes and models. 1 Soil. Water
Conserv. 51:391-395; 1996.
Knapp, A.K.; Fahnestock, IT.; Hamburg, S.P.; Statland,
L.B.; Seastedt, T.R.; Schimel, D.S. Landscape patterns
in soil-plant water relations and primary production in
tallgrass prairie. Ecology 74:549-560; 1993.
Kohl, D.H.; Shearer, G.B.; Commoner, B. Fertilizer nitrogen: Contribution to nitrate in surface water in a
com belt watershed. Science 174:1331-1334; 1971.
Lajtha, K.; Schlesinger, W.H. The biogeochemistry of
phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along
a desert soil chronosequence. Ecology 69:24-39;
1988.
Lajtha, L.; Michener, R.H., eds. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Oxford: Blackwell;
1994.
Lauenroth, w.K.; Canham, C.D.; Kinzig, A.P.; Poiani,
K.A.; Kemp, W.M.; Running, S.w. Simulation modeling in ecosystem science. In: Pace, M.L.; Groffman,
P.M. Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1998:404415.
Levin, S.A.; Grenfell, B.; Hastings, A.; Perelson, A.S.
Mathematical and computational challenges in population biology and ecosystems science. Science
275:334-343; 1997.
Lieth, H. primary productivity in ecosystems: Comparative analysis of global patterns. In: Lieth, H.F.H. Patterns of primary production in the biosphere. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross; 1978:300321.
Ingrid C. Burke
Likens, G.E.; Bormann, F.H.; Pierce, R.S.; Eaton, J.S.;
Johnson, N.M. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1977.
Likens, G.E.; Driscoll, C.T.; Buso, D.C. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forested
ecosystem. Science 272:244-246; 1996.
Maling, D.H. Measurements from Maps: Principles and
Methods from Cartometry. Oxford: Pergamon; 1989.
Martz, L.w.; de Jong, E. Using cesium-137 to assess the
variability of net soil erosion and its association with
topography in a Canadian prairie landscape. Catena
14:439-351; 1987.
Matson, P.A.; Harriss, R.C. Prospects for aircraft-based
gas exchange measurements in ecosystem studies.
Ecology 69:1318-1326; 1988.
Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M. Cross-system comparisons
of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux
in tropical forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochem.
Cyc. 1:163-170; 1987.
Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Schimel, D.S. Regional
extrapolation of trace gas flux based on soils and ecosystems. In: Andreae, M.D.; Schimel, D.S., eds. Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere. Chichester, UK: Wiley;
1989:97-108.
Matthews, E.; Fung, I. Methane emission from natural
wetlands: Global distribution, area, and environmental
characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochem. Cyc.
1:61-86; 1987.
Meentemeyer, V. The geography of organic decomposition rates. Ann. Am. Assn. Am. Geogr. 74:551-560;
1984.
Meentemeyer, v.; Berg, B. Regional variation in rate of
mass loss of Pinus sylvestris needle litter in Swedish
pine forests as influenced by climate and litter qUality.
Scand. J. For. Res. 1:167-180; 1986.
Meentemeyer, v.; Box, E.O.; Thompson, R. World patterns and amounts of terrestrial plant litter production.
BioScience 32:125-128; 1982.
Meentemeyer, V.; Gardner, J.; Box, E.O. World patterns
and amounts of detrital soil carbon. Earth Surf. Proc.
Land. 10:557-567; 1985.
Michener, R.H.; Schell, D.M. Stable isotope ratios as
tracers in marine aquatic food webs. In: Lajtha, K.;
Michener, R.H., eds. Stable Isotopes in Ecosystems.
Oxford: Blackwell; 1994:114-137.
Mosier, A.R.; Schimel, D.; Valentine, D.; Bronson, K.;
Parton, W. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native,
fertilized, and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350:330332; 1991.
Naiman, R.I.; Pinay, G.; Johnston, C.A.; Pastor, J. Beaver
influences on the long-term biogeochemical characteristics of boreal forest drainage networks. Ecology
75:905-921; 1994.
Hutchinson, G.E.; Bowen, v.T. A direct demonstration
of the phosphorus cycle in a small lake. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 33:148-153; 1947.
Jeffers, J.N.R. Statistical and mathematical approaches
to issues of scales in ecology. In: Rosswall, T.; Woodmansee, R.G.; Risser, P.G., eds. Scales and Global
Change. New York: Wiley; 1988:47-56.
Jenny, H. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1941.
Jenny, H. The Soil Resource: Origin and Behavior. New
York: Springer-Verlag; 1980.
Johansson, M.-B.; Berg, B.; Meentemeyer, V. Litter
mass-loss rates in late stages of decomposition in a
climatic transect of pine forests. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. IX. Can. J. Bot.
73:1509-1521; 1995.
Kareiva, P.; Wennergren, U. Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystem and population processes. Nature
373:299-302; 1995.
Kielland, K. Landscape patterns of free amino acids in
arctic tundra soils. Biogeochemistry 31:85-98; 1995.
Kirkby, M.I.; Imeson, A.C.; Bergkamp, G.; Carnmeraat,
L.H. Scaling up processes and models. 1 Soil. Water
Conserv. 51:391-395; 1996.
Knapp, A.K.; Fahnestock, IT.; Hamburg, S.P.; Statland,
L.B.; Seastedt, T.R.; Schimel, D.S. Landscape patterns
in soil-plant water relations and primary production in
tallgrass prairie. Ecology 74:549-560; 1993.
Kohl, D.H.; Shearer, G.B.; Commoner, B. Fertilizer nitrogen: Contribution to nitrate in surface water in a
com belt watershed. Science 174:1331-1334; 1971.
Lajtha, K.; Schlesinger, W.H. The biogeochemistry of
phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along
a desert soil chronosequence. Ecology 69:24-39;
1988.
Lajtha, L.; Michener, R.H., eds. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Oxford: Blackwell;
1994.
Lauenroth, w.K.; Canham, C.D.; Kinzig, A.P.; Poiani,
K.A.; Kemp, W.M.; Running, S.w. Simulation modeling in ecosystem science. In: Pace, M.L.; Groffman,
P.M. Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1998:404415.
Levin, S.A.; Grenfell, B.; Hastings, A.; Perelson, A.S.
Mathematical and computational challenges in population biology and ecosystems science. Science
275:334-343; 1997.
Lieth, H. primary productivity in ecosystems: Comparative analysis of global patterns. In: Lieth, H.F.H. Patterns of primary production in the biosphere. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross; 1978:300321.
Ingrid C. Burke
Likens, G.E.; Bormann, F.H.; Pierce, R.S.; Eaton, J.S.;
Johnson, N.M. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1977.
Likens, G.E.; Driscoll, C.T.; Buso, D.C. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forested
ecosystem. Science 272:244-246; 1996.
Maling, D.H. Measurements from Maps: Principles and
Methods from Cartometry. Oxford: Pergamon; 1989.
Martz, L.w.; de Jong, E. Using cesium-137 to assess the
variability of net soil erosion and its association with
topography in a Canadian prairie landscape. Catena
14:439-351; 1987.
Matson, P.A.; Harriss, R.C. Prospects for aircraft-based
gas exchange measurements in ecosystem studies.
Ecology 69:1318-1326; 1988.
Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M. Cross-system comparisons
of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux
in tropical forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochem.
Cyc. 1:163-170; 1987.
Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Schimel, D.S. Regional
extrapolation of trace gas flux based on soils and ecosystems. In: Andreae, M.D.; Schimel, D.S., eds. Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere. Chichester, UK: Wiley;
1989:97-108.
Matthews, E.; Fung, I. Methane emission from natural
wetlands: Global distribution, area, and environmental
characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochem. Cyc.
1:61-86; 1987.
Meentemeyer, V. The geography of organic decomposition rates. Ann. Am. Assn. Am. Geogr. 74:551-560;
1984.
Meentemeyer, v.; Berg, B. Regional variation in rate of
mass loss of Pinus sylvestris needle litter in Swedish
pine forests as influenced by climate and litter qUality.
Scand. J. For. Res. 1:167-180; 1986.
Meentemeyer, v.; Box, E.O.; Thompson, R. World patterns and amounts of terrestrial plant litter production.
BioScience 32:125-128; 1982.
Meentemeyer, V.; Gardner, J.; Box, E.O. World patterns
and amounts of detrital soil carbon. Earth Surf. Proc.
Land. 10:557-567; 1985.
Michener, R.H.; Schell, D.M. Stable isotope ratios as
tracers in marine aquatic food webs. In: Lajtha, K.;
Michener, R.H., eds. Stable Isotopes in Ecosystems.
Oxford: Blackwell; 1994:114-137.
Mosier, A.R.; Schimel, D.; Valentine, D.; Bronson, K.;
Parton, W. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native,
fertilized, and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350:330332; 1991.
Naiman, R.I.; Pinay, G.; Johnston, C.A.; Pastor, J. Beaver
influences on the long-term biogeochemical characteristics of boreal forest drainage networks. Ecology
75:905-921; 1994.