18. Landscape and Regional Biogeochemistry: Approaches
287
O'Neill, RV.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Waide, J.B.; Allen,
T.F.H. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Pr.; 1986.
O'Neill, RY.; Hunsaker, e.T.; Jones, K.B.; Riitters,
K.H.; Wickham, J.D.; Schwartz, P.M.; Goodman, I.A;
Jackson, B.L.; Baillargeon, W.S. Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale. BioScience
47:513-519; 1997.
Ollinger, S.Y.; Aber, J.D.; Lovett, G.M.; Millham, M.E.;
Lathrop, R.G.; Ellis, 1M. A spatial model of the atmospheric deposition for the northeastern U.S. Ecol.
Applic. 3:459-472; 1993.
Parton, w.J.; Schimel, D.S.; Cole, e.Y.; Ojima, D.S.
Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in great plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
51:1173-1179; 1987.
Paruelo, 1M.; Jobbagy, E.G.; Sala, O.E.; Lauenroth,
W.K.; Burke, I.e. Functional and structural convergence of temperate grassland and shrubland ecosystems. Ecol. Applic. 8:194-206; 1998.
Peierls, B.L.; Caraco, N.F.; Pace, M.L.; Cole, lJ. Human
influence on river nitrogen. Nature 350:386-387;
1991.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Correll, D.L. Nutrient dynamics in an
agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a
riparian forest. Ecology 65:1466-1475; 1984.
Peterson, B.J.; Fry, B. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:293-320; 1987.
Pierce, L.L.; Running, s.w. The effects of aggregating
sub-grid land surface variation on large-scale estimates of net primary production. Landsc. Ecol.
10:239-253; 1995.
Pouyat, R.Y.; McDonnell, MJ.; Pickett, S.T.A. Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land-use
gradient. J. Environ. Qual. 24:516-526; 1995.
Rastetter, E.B.; King, AW.; Cosby, B.J.; Hornberger,
G.M.; O'Neill, RY.; Hobbie, lE. Aggregating finescale ecological knowledge to model coarser-scale attributes of ecosystems. Ecol. Applic. 2:55-70; 1992.
Reiners, W.A; Bouwman, AF.; Parsons, W.F.J.; Keller,
M. Tropical rain forest conversion to pasture: Change
in vegetation and soil properties. Ecol. Applic. 4:363377; 1994.
Reiners, W.A; Strong, L.L.; Matson, P.A; Burke, I.e.;
Ojima, D.S. Estimating biogeochemical fluxes across
sagebrush-steppe landscapes with thematic mapper
imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 28:121-219; 1989.
Riebsame, W.E.; Galvin, K.A; Young, R.; Parton, WJ.;
Burke, I.e.; Bohren, L.; Knop, E. An integrated model
of causes of and responses to environmental change:
Land use/cover in the Central Great Plains. BioScience 44:350-356; 1994.
Ritchie, le.; McHenry, lR Fallout cesium-137 in cultivated and noncultivated north central United States
watersheds. l Environ. Qual. 7:40-44; 1978.
Robertson, G.P. Regional nitrogen budgets: Approaches
and problems. Plant Soil 67:73-81; 1982.
Robertson, G.P. Geostatistics in ecology: Interpolating
with known variance. Ecology 68:744-748; 1987.
Robertson, P.G.; Huston, M.A; Evans, F.C.; Tiedje, J.M.
Spatial variability in a successional plant community:
Patterns of nitrogen availability. Ecology 69:15171524; 1988.
Robertson, G.P.; Klingensmith, K.M.; Klug, MJ.; Paul,
E.A; Crum, 1R; Ellis, B.G. Soil resources, microbial
activity, and primary production across an agricultural
ecosystem. Ecol. Applic. 7:158-170; 1997.
Robertson, G.P.; Rosswall, T.H. Nitrogen in West Africa:
The regional cycle. Ecol. Monogr. 56:43-72; 1986.
Robles, M.D.; Burke, I.e. Legume, grass, and Conservation Reserve Program effects on recovery of soil
organic matter pools and nutrient availability. Ecol.
Applic. 7:345-357; 1997.
Rosswall, T.; Woodmansee, RG.; Risser, P.G., eds.
Scales and Global Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley;
1988.
Sala, O.E.; Parton, W.1; Joyce, L.A; Lauenroth, w.K.
Primary production of the central grassland region of
the United States. Ecology 69:40-45; 1988.
Schimel, D.S. Carbon and nitrogen turnover in adjacent
grassland and cropland ecosystems. Biogeochemistry
2:345-357; 1986.
Schimel, D.S.; Coleman, D.C.; Horton, K.A Soil organic
matter dynamics in paired rangeland and cropland
toposequences in North Dakota. Geoderma 36:201214; 1985.
Schimel, D.S.; Kittel, T.G.F.; Knapp, AK.; Seastedt,
T.R; Parton, WJ.; Brown, Y.B. Physiological interactions along resource gradients in a tallgrass prairie.
Ecology 72:672-684; 1991.
Schimel, D.S.; Simkins, S.; Rosswall, T.; Mosier, AR;
Parton, WJ. Scale and the measurement of nitrogengas fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems. In: Rosswall,
T.; Woodmansee, RG.; Risser, P.G., eds. Scales and
Global Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 1988:179193.
Schlesinger, W.H.; Tonteyn, P.J.; Reiners, W.A Effects
of overland flow on plant water relations, erosion, and
soil water percolation on a Mojave Desert landscape.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1567-1572; 1989.
Schultz, R.K.; Overstreet, R; Burshad, I. On the soil
chemistry of cesium-137. Soil Sci. 89:16-27; 1960.
Shaw, C.E. Potent factors in soil formation. Ecology
11:239-245; 1930.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H. Natural abundance of l5n: Fractional contribution of two sources to a common sink
and use of isotope discrimination. In: Knowles, R;
Blackburn, T.H. Nitrogen isotope techniques. San Diego, CA: Academic; 1993:89-126.
287
O'Neill, RV.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Waide, J.B.; Allen,
T.F.H. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Pr.; 1986.
O'Neill, RY.; Hunsaker, e.T.; Jones, K.B.; Riitters,
K.H.; Wickham, J.D.; Schwartz, P.M.; Goodman, I.A;
Jackson, B.L.; Baillargeon, W.S. Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale. BioScience
47:513-519; 1997.
Ollinger, S.Y.; Aber, J.D.; Lovett, G.M.; Millham, M.E.;
Lathrop, R.G.; Ellis, 1M. A spatial model of the atmospheric deposition for the northeastern U.S. Ecol.
Applic. 3:459-472; 1993.
Parton, w.J.; Schimel, D.S.; Cole, e.Y.; Ojima, D.S.
Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in great plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
51:1173-1179; 1987.
Paruelo, 1M.; Jobbagy, E.G.; Sala, O.E.; Lauenroth,
W.K.; Burke, I.e. Functional and structural convergence of temperate grassland and shrubland ecosystems. Ecol. Applic. 8:194-206; 1998.
Peierls, B.L.; Caraco, N.F.; Pace, M.L.; Cole, lJ. Human
influence on river nitrogen. Nature 350:386-387;
1991.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Correll, D.L. Nutrient dynamics in an
agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a
riparian forest. Ecology 65:1466-1475; 1984.
Peterson, B.J.; Fry, B. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:293-320; 1987.
Pierce, L.L.; Running, s.w. The effects of aggregating
sub-grid land surface variation on large-scale estimates of net primary production. Landsc. Ecol.
10:239-253; 1995.
Pouyat, R.Y.; McDonnell, MJ.; Pickett, S.T.A. Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land-use
gradient. J. Environ. Qual. 24:516-526; 1995.
Rastetter, E.B.; King, AW.; Cosby, B.J.; Hornberger,
G.M.; O'Neill, RY.; Hobbie, lE. Aggregating finescale ecological knowledge to model coarser-scale attributes of ecosystems. Ecol. Applic. 2:55-70; 1992.
Reiners, W.A; Bouwman, AF.; Parsons, W.F.J.; Keller,
M. Tropical rain forest conversion to pasture: Change
in vegetation and soil properties. Ecol. Applic. 4:363377; 1994.
Reiners, W.A; Strong, L.L.; Matson, P.A; Burke, I.e.;
Ojima, D.S. Estimating biogeochemical fluxes across
sagebrush-steppe landscapes with thematic mapper
imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 28:121-219; 1989.
Riebsame, W.E.; Galvin, K.A; Young, R.; Parton, WJ.;
Burke, I.e.; Bohren, L.; Knop, E. An integrated model
of causes of and responses to environmental change:
Land use/cover in the Central Great Plains. BioScience 44:350-356; 1994.
Ritchie, le.; McHenry, lR Fallout cesium-137 in cultivated and noncultivated north central United States
watersheds. l Environ. Qual. 7:40-44; 1978.
Robertson, G.P. Regional nitrogen budgets: Approaches
and problems. Plant Soil 67:73-81; 1982.
Robertson, G.P. Geostatistics in ecology: Interpolating
with known variance. Ecology 68:744-748; 1987.
Robertson, P.G.; Huston, M.A; Evans, F.C.; Tiedje, J.M.
Spatial variability in a successional plant community:
Patterns of nitrogen availability. Ecology 69:15171524; 1988.
Robertson, G.P.; Klingensmith, K.M.; Klug, MJ.; Paul,
E.A; Crum, 1R; Ellis, B.G. Soil resources, microbial
activity, and primary production across an agricultural
ecosystem. Ecol. Applic. 7:158-170; 1997.
Robertson, G.P.; Rosswall, T.H. Nitrogen in West Africa:
The regional cycle. Ecol. Monogr. 56:43-72; 1986.
Robles, M.D.; Burke, I.e. Legume, grass, and Conservation Reserve Program effects on recovery of soil
organic matter pools and nutrient availability. Ecol.
Applic. 7:345-357; 1997.
Rosswall, T.; Woodmansee, RG.; Risser, P.G., eds.
Scales and Global Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley;
1988.
Sala, O.E.; Parton, W.1; Joyce, L.A; Lauenroth, w.K.
Primary production of the central grassland region of
the United States. Ecology 69:40-45; 1988.
Schimel, D.S. Carbon and nitrogen turnover in adjacent
grassland and cropland ecosystems. Biogeochemistry
2:345-357; 1986.
Schimel, D.S.; Coleman, D.C.; Horton, K.A Soil organic
matter dynamics in paired rangeland and cropland
toposequences in North Dakota. Geoderma 36:201214; 1985.
Schimel, D.S.; Kittel, T.G.F.; Knapp, AK.; Seastedt,
T.R; Parton, WJ.; Brown, Y.B. Physiological interactions along resource gradients in a tallgrass prairie.
Ecology 72:672-684; 1991.
Schimel, D.S.; Simkins, S.; Rosswall, T.; Mosier, AR;
Parton, WJ. Scale and the measurement of nitrogengas fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems. In: Rosswall,
T.; Woodmansee, RG.; Risser, P.G., eds. Scales and
Global Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 1988:179193.
Schlesinger, W.H.; Tonteyn, P.J.; Reiners, W.A Effects
of overland flow on plant water relations, erosion, and
soil water percolation on a Mojave Desert landscape.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1567-1572; 1989.
Schultz, R.K.; Overstreet, R; Burshad, I. On the soil
chemistry of cesium-137. Soil Sci. 89:16-27; 1960.
Shaw, C.E. Potent factors in soil formation. Ecology
11:239-245; 1930.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H. Natural abundance of l5n: Fractional contribution of two sources to a common sink
and use of isotope discrimination. In: Knowles, R;
Blackburn, T.H. Nitrogen isotope techniques. San Diego, CA: Academic; 1993:89-126.