11. Canopy Fluxes
In: Matson, P.A.; Harris, Re., eds. Biogenic Trace
Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water.
Methods In Ecology Series. New York: Blackwell;
1995: 126--163.
Lenschow, D.H.; Mann, J.; Christens, L. How long is
long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J. Atmos. Ocean. TechnoI. 11:661673; 1994.
Leuning, R.; Denmead, O.T.; Lang, A.R.G.; Ohtaki, E.
Effects of heat and water vapour transport on eddy
covariance measurement of CO2 fluxes. Bound. Lay.
MeteoroI. 23:209-222; 1982.
Leuning, RL.; Judd, M. The relative merits of open- and
closed-path analysers for measurement of eddy fluxes.
Global Change BioI. 2:241-254; 1996.
Leuning, RL.; King, K.M. Comparison of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes by open- and
closed-path CO2 analysers. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI.
59:297-311; 1992.
Leuning, RL.; Moncrieff, lB. Eddy covariance CO 2 flux
measurements using open- and closed-path CO2 analysers: Corrections for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuations in air sampling tubes.
Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 53:63-76; 1990.
Levy, P.E.; Grelle, A.; Lindroth, A.; Molder, M.; Jarvis,
P.G.; Kruijt, B.; Moncrieff, lB. Regional-scale CO2
fluxes over central Sweden by a boundary layer budget
method. Agric. For. MeteoroI. 98-99(1--4):169-180;
1999.
Lindroth, A. Gradient distribution and flux profile relations above a rough forest. Q. l Roy. MeteoroI. Soc.
110:553-563; 1984.
Lindroth, A.; Grelle, A.; Moran. A. Long term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal large temperature sensitivity. Global Change BioI. 4:443--450;
1998.
Livingston, G.P.; Hutchinson, G.L. Enclosure-based
measurement of trace gas exchange: Applications and
sources of error. In: Matson, P.A. and Harriss, Re.,
eds. Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissionsfrom
Soil and Water. Methods In Ecology Series. New York:
Blackwell; 1995:14-51.
Lumley, J.L.; Panofsky, H.A. The structure of atmospheric turbulence. New York: Wiley; 1964.
Majewski, M.S.; Desjardins, R.L.; Rochette, P.; Pattey,
E.; Seiber, IN.; Glotfelty, D.E. A field comparison of
an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient
system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes. J.
Environ. Sci. Tech. 27:121-128; 1993.
McBean, G.A. Instrument requirements for eddy correlation measurements. J. AppI. MeteoroI. 11:10781084; 1972.
McNeil, D.; Shuttleworth, w.J. Comparative measurements of the energy fluxes above a pine forest. Bound.
Lay. MeteoroI. 9:297-313; 1975.
179
Miranda, A.; Jarvis, P.G.; Grace, J. Transpiration and
evaporation from heather moorland. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 28:227-243; 1984.
Moncrieff, J.B.; Beverland, I.J.; O'Neill, D.H.; Cropley,
F.D. Controls on trace gas exchange observed by a
conditional sampling method. Atmos. Env. 32:32653274; 1998.
Moncrieff, J.B.; Malhi, Y.; Leuning, R.L. The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of landatmosphere fluxes of carbon and water. Global Change
BioI. 2:231-254; 1996.
Moncrieff, lB.; Massheder, J.M.; DeBruin, H.; Elbers,
J.; Friborg, T.; Huesunkveld, B.; Kabat, P.; Scott, S.L.;
Soegaard, H.; Verhoef, A. A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour
and carbon dioxide. l HydroI. 188-189:589-611;
1997.
Monteith, J.L.; Unsworth, M.H. Principles of Environmental Physics. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 1990.
Moore, C.J. Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 37:17-35;
1986.
Mulhearn, P.J. Relations between surface fluxes and
mean profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration, downwind of a change in surface roughness. Q.
J. Roy. MeteoroI. Soc. 103:785-802; 1977.
Munley, w.G.; Hipps, L.E. Estimation of regional evaporation for a tallgrass prairie from measurements of
properties of the atmospheric boundary layer. Water
Resour. Res. 27:225-230; 1991.
Oncley, S.P.; Delaney, A.C.; Horst, T.W. Verification of
flux measurements using relaxed eddy accumulation.
Atmos. Environ. 27:2417-2426; 1993.
Pattey, E.; Desjardins, RL.; Boudreau, F.; Rochette, P.
Impact of density fluctuations on flux measurements
of trace gases: implications for the relaxed eddy accumulation technique. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 59:195203; 1992.
Paulson, C.A. The mathematical representation of wind
speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. AppI. MeteoroI. 9:857-861;
1970.
Raupach, M.R.; Denmead, O.T.; Dunin, F.X. Challenges
in linking atmospheric CO2 concentrations to fluxes at
local and regional scales. Aus. l Bot. 40:697-716;
1992.
Raupach, M.R.; Legg, BJ. The uses and limitations of
flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology.
Agric. Water Manage. 8:119-131; 1984.
Raupach, M.R.; Thorn, A.S. Turbulence in and above
canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13:97-129; 1981.
Rayment, M.R Carbon and water fluxes in a boreal forest
ecosystem. PhD Thesis University of Edinburgh, p.
145; 1998.
In: Matson, P.A.; Harris, Re., eds. Biogenic Trace
Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water.
Methods In Ecology Series. New York: Blackwell;
1995: 126--163.
Lenschow, D.H.; Mann, J.; Christens, L. How long is
long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J. Atmos. Ocean. TechnoI. 11:661673; 1994.
Leuning, R.; Denmead, O.T.; Lang, A.R.G.; Ohtaki, E.
Effects of heat and water vapour transport on eddy
covariance measurement of CO2 fluxes. Bound. Lay.
MeteoroI. 23:209-222; 1982.
Leuning, RL.; Judd, M. The relative merits of open- and
closed-path analysers for measurement of eddy fluxes.
Global Change BioI. 2:241-254; 1996.
Leuning, RL.; King, K.M. Comparison of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes by open- and
closed-path CO2 analysers. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI.
59:297-311; 1992.
Leuning, RL.; Moncrieff, lB. Eddy covariance CO 2 flux
measurements using open- and closed-path CO2 analysers: Corrections for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuations in air sampling tubes.
Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 53:63-76; 1990.
Levy, P.E.; Grelle, A.; Lindroth, A.; Molder, M.; Jarvis,
P.G.; Kruijt, B.; Moncrieff, lB. Regional-scale CO2
fluxes over central Sweden by a boundary layer budget
method. Agric. For. MeteoroI. 98-99(1--4):169-180;
1999.
Lindroth, A. Gradient distribution and flux profile relations above a rough forest. Q. l Roy. MeteoroI. Soc.
110:553-563; 1984.
Lindroth, A.; Grelle, A.; Moran. A. Long term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal large temperature sensitivity. Global Change BioI. 4:443--450;
1998.
Livingston, G.P.; Hutchinson, G.L. Enclosure-based
measurement of trace gas exchange: Applications and
sources of error. In: Matson, P.A. and Harriss, Re.,
eds. Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissionsfrom
Soil and Water. Methods In Ecology Series. New York:
Blackwell; 1995:14-51.
Lumley, J.L.; Panofsky, H.A. The structure of atmospheric turbulence. New York: Wiley; 1964.
Majewski, M.S.; Desjardins, R.L.; Rochette, P.; Pattey,
E.; Seiber, IN.; Glotfelty, D.E. A field comparison of
an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient
system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes. J.
Environ. Sci. Tech. 27:121-128; 1993.
McBean, G.A. Instrument requirements for eddy correlation measurements. J. AppI. MeteoroI. 11:10781084; 1972.
McNeil, D.; Shuttleworth, w.J. Comparative measurements of the energy fluxes above a pine forest. Bound.
Lay. MeteoroI. 9:297-313; 1975.
179
Miranda, A.; Jarvis, P.G.; Grace, J. Transpiration and
evaporation from heather moorland. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 28:227-243; 1984.
Moncrieff, J.B.; Beverland, I.J.; O'Neill, D.H.; Cropley,
F.D. Controls on trace gas exchange observed by a
conditional sampling method. Atmos. Env. 32:32653274; 1998.
Moncrieff, J.B.; Malhi, Y.; Leuning, R.L. The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of landatmosphere fluxes of carbon and water. Global Change
BioI. 2:231-254; 1996.
Moncrieff, lB.; Massheder, J.M.; DeBruin, H.; Elbers,
J.; Friborg, T.; Huesunkveld, B.; Kabat, P.; Scott, S.L.;
Soegaard, H.; Verhoef, A. A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour
and carbon dioxide. l HydroI. 188-189:589-611;
1997.
Monteith, J.L.; Unsworth, M.H. Principles of Environmental Physics. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 1990.
Moore, C.J. Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 37:17-35;
1986.
Mulhearn, P.J. Relations between surface fluxes and
mean profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration, downwind of a change in surface roughness. Q.
J. Roy. MeteoroI. Soc. 103:785-802; 1977.
Munley, w.G.; Hipps, L.E. Estimation of regional evaporation for a tallgrass prairie from measurements of
properties of the atmospheric boundary layer. Water
Resour. Res. 27:225-230; 1991.
Oncley, S.P.; Delaney, A.C.; Horst, T.W. Verification of
flux measurements using relaxed eddy accumulation.
Atmos. Environ. 27:2417-2426; 1993.
Pattey, E.; Desjardins, RL.; Boudreau, F.; Rochette, P.
Impact of density fluctuations on flux measurements
of trace gases: implications for the relaxed eddy accumulation technique. Bound. Lay. MeteoroI. 59:195203; 1992.
Paulson, C.A. The mathematical representation of wind
speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. AppI. MeteoroI. 9:857-861;
1970.
Raupach, M.R.; Denmead, O.T.; Dunin, F.X. Challenges
in linking atmospheric CO2 concentrations to fluxes at
local and regional scales. Aus. l Bot. 40:697-716;
1992.
Raupach, M.R.; Legg, BJ. The uses and limitations of
flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology.
Agric. Water Manage. 8:119-131; 1984.
Raupach, M.R.; Thorn, A.S. Turbulence in and above
canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13:97-129; 1981.
Rayment, M.R Carbon and water fluxes in a boreal forest
ecosystem. PhD Thesis University of Edinburgh, p.
145; 1998.