340
10
Preservation and Protection
of Marine Protected Areas
The establishment of an effi cient international, or
at least regional, MPA policing authority is essential. However, the proliferation of MPAs, and
increases in their surface areas makes them more
expensive to control and police. New technologies will enable relay controls from ships to monitor protected surfaces. Modern satellite
performance; the use of new, more effi cient, and
improved drones (e.g. Shadow View Foundation
[ 2013 ] in Italy, Namibia, and the Philippines) can
be the basis of new integrated systems for continuous monitoring at any time of day or night as
well as effective interventions to chase intruders.
‘MPA police’ will be necessary in the future.
Nobody wants marine species to suffer the
same fate as the African rhinoceros and elephants, the populations of which have been decimated over past decades and gamekeepers of
which are killed by poachers.
It is obviously not appropriate to compare the
behavior of elephant killers (whose objective is to
sell tusks to mainly Asian fi nishers) with that of
small-scale fi shermen who work hard.
To whom do wild elephants and other animals
living in the savannah belong? Similarly, at sea,
who owns the fi sh and has the right to take them
from the natural environment? Do they not constitute a common good of humanity? How do we
manage their lives and/or their disappearance?
Who owns those designated areas, the artifi cial
reefs, animals from hatchery stock and released
into MPAs? (Ceccaldi and Nakagawa 2003 ).
We can also consider the creation of MPAs as
a new approach to appropriate more directly the
marine environment and its resources areas –
protecting it better to use it. Some countries are
clearly aware; however, many others, especially
developing countries, probably because they
have other emergency priorities, are unaware of
the problem and are, at best, at the beginning of
their approach to managing their coastal environment (Agardy et al. 2003 ).
Furthermore, the management of MPAs will
vary widely between countries.
In any case, many more resources are required
for MPA networks to be established and functioning and these means are insuffi cient in several European countries.
In France, substantial resources have been
allocated to this mission, including through the
creation of a national agency and/or associations
such as the MedPAN (Network of Manager of
Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean)
network, which is developing the network of
Mediterranean MPAs. But these means should be
increased, because the marine territory for which
France has a responsibility to the planet is the
second largest in the world. Moreover, as in other
countries, many organizations and agencies have
similar missions and very close missions. These
should be included to make better use of current
and future resources in the development of this
sector.
The origins of the dualism between people
and natural marine environments have deep and
often invisible roots; we need to understand these
to eliminate ethnocentric barriers (Descola 2005 ;
Descola and Larrère 2011 ).
They are better understood when we explore
the traditional, historical, sociological, cultural,
anthropological (Lévi-Strauss 2011 ), or religious
motivations that guide development decisions,
pedagogies of education controls sites, or different types of MPA exploitation. To further explore
these points is outside the scope of this chapter.
Certainly, investigating these themes further can
lead to discoveries.
11
Conclusion
Facts are stubborn things: growth in our developed societies will necessarily be limited rather
than infi nite, and will gradually reduce due to
population growth, increased average longevity,
and improved standard of living.
In response to human interference in the
marine environment, the creation of MPAs is
actually a new form of human infl uence on natural environments that is not yet managed.
Protected areas currently only account for 2 % of
marine areas, and they are expected to reach
H.-J. Ceccaldi
10
Preservation and Protection
of Marine Protected Areas
The establishment of an effi cient international, or
at least regional, MPA policing authority is essential. However, the proliferation of MPAs, and
increases in their surface areas makes them more
expensive to control and police. New technologies will enable relay controls from ships to monitor protected surfaces. Modern satellite
performance; the use of new, more effi cient, and
improved drones (e.g. Shadow View Foundation
[ 2013 ] in Italy, Namibia, and the Philippines) can
be the basis of new integrated systems for continuous monitoring at any time of day or night as
well as effective interventions to chase intruders.
‘MPA police’ will be necessary in the future.
Nobody wants marine species to suffer the
same fate as the African rhinoceros and elephants, the populations of which have been decimated over past decades and gamekeepers of
which are killed by poachers.
It is obviously not appropriate to compare the
behavior of elephant killers (whose objective is to
sell tusks to mainly Asian fi nishers) with that of
small-scale fi shermen who work hard.
To whom do wild elephants and other animals
living in the savannah belong? Similarly, at sea,
who owns the fi sh and has the right to take them
from the natural environment? Do they not constitute a common good of humanity? How do we
manage their lives and/or their disappearance?
Who owns those designated areas, the artifi cial
reefs, animals from hatchery stock and released
into MPAs? (Ceccaldi and Nakagawa 2003 ).
We can also consider the creation of MPAs as
a new approach to appropriate more directly the
marine environment and its resources areas –
protecting it better to use it. Some countries are
clearly aware; however, many others, especially
developing countries, probably because they
have other emergency priorities, are unaware of
the problem and are, at best, at the beginning of
their approach to managing their coastal environment (Agardy et al. 2003 ).
Furthermore, the management of MPAs will
vary widely between countries.
In any case, many more resources are required
for MPA networks to be established and functioning and these means are insuffi cient in several European countries.
In France, substantial resources have been
allocated to this mission, including through the
creation of a national agency and/or associations
such as the MedPAN (Network of Manager of
Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean)
network, which is developing the network of
Mediterranean MPAs. But these means should be
increased, because the marine territory for which
France has a responsibility to the planet is the
second largest in the world. Moreover, as in other
countries, many organizations and agencies have
similar missions and very close missions. These
should be included to make better use of current
and future resources in the development of this
sector.
The origins of the dualism between people
and natural marine environments have deep and
often invisible roots; we need to understand these
to eliminate ethnocentric barriers (Descola 2005 ;
Descola and Larrère 2011 ).
They are better understood when we explore
the traditional, historical, sociological, cultural,
anthropological (Lévi-Strauss 2011 ), or religious
motivations that guide development decisions,
pedagogies of education controls sites, or different types of MPA exploitation. To further explore
these points is outside the scope of this chapter.
Certainly, investigating these themes further can
lead to discoveries.
11
Conclusion
Facts are stubborn things: growth in our developed societies will necessarily be limited rather
than infi nite, and will gradually reduce due to
population growth, increased average longevity,
and improved standard of living.
In response to human interference in the
marine environment, the creation of MPAs is
actually a new form of human infl uence on natural environments that is not yet managed.
Protected areas currently only account for 2 % of
marine areas, and they are expected to reach
H.-J. Ceccaldi