341
10 % in 2020. Some of these protected areas are
only beginning to be observed. However, the
decision has not yet been made to establish MPAs
to conserve existing biodiversity or whether this
biodiversity can be enhanced and improved by
the addition of artifi cial habitats, what proportion
and with what techniques such protected areas
can reasonably be exploited for the benefi t of
humankind through careful environmental management of samples in these semi-artifi cial
environments.
More generally, and despite signifi cant efforts
in recent years to create and develop comprehensive approaches to preserve marine areas, have
not yet been developed to clearly understand past
relationships, current and future relationships of
humankind with the marine environment, they
gradually take possession
In other words: mankind take progressively
possession of sea and oceans, without knowing
the future relationships between man and the sea.
References
Agardy T, Bridgewater P, Crosby MP, Day J, Dayton PK,
Kenchingyon R, Laffoley D, McConney P, Murray
PA, Parks JE, Peau L (2003) Dangerous targets?
Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around
marine protected areas. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw
Ecosyst 13:353–367
Anonymous (2008) Establishing marine protected
area networks – making it happen. IUCN
World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCNWCPA). National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration and The Nature Conservancy,
Washington, DC, 118 p
Anonymous (2012a) Stratégie nationale pour la création
et la gestion des aires marines protégées. Ministère de
l’Écologie, du Développement durable, des Transports
et du Logement, Agence des Aires marines protégées,
(Mars 2012)
Anonymous (2012b). Guide méthodologique pour la création et la gestion concertée d’une aire marine protégée.
Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement durable,
des Transports et du Logement, Agence des aires
marines protégées (Mars 2012)
Anraku M, Azeta M (1967) The feeding activities of
Yellowtail larvae Seriola quinqueradiata Temmink et
Schlegel, associated with fl oating seaweeds. Bull
Seikai Reg Fish Res Lab 35:41–50
Barnes DKA (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic
debris. Nature 416:808–809
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009)
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in
global environments. Phil Trans R Soc B 364:1985–1998.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 . Published 15 June 2009
Berque J, Matsuda O (2013) Coastal biodiversity management in Japanese satoumi. Mar Policy 39:191–200
Ceccaldi HJ (1998) Some examples of Japanese artifi cial
reefs and some recent progress. In: Abstr. Symp.
European Artifi cial Reef Research Network,
Southampton, 8–10 janvier 1998, 4 p
Ceccaldi HJ (1999) “Artifi cial reefs” versus “Underwater
structures to enhance ecology and fi sheries”: an attempt
of classifi cation and future ways of research. In:
Proceedings of the conference, 7th C.A.R.A.H. Sanremo,
7–11 Oct 1999, p 448
Ceccaldi HJ (2004) Déchets produits par la nature et
déchets produits par l’homme: une révision des concepts, p. 25. Rés.V ème Conf. internat. “Droits de
Propriété, Économie et Environnement: les déchets.
Aix-en-Provence, 23–25 juin 2002
Ceccaldi HJ (2006) Futur des extensions portuaires et protection du milieu marin. Ann Inst Médit Transports
Marit 21: 279–319
Ceccaldi HJ, Nakagawa (2003) Le progrès technologique
au service de l’exploitation durable du littoral. IV ème
Conf. internat. “Droits de Propriété, Économie et
Environnement: le Littoral. Aix-en-Provence, 26–28
juin 2002: 189–195, Bruylant édit. Bruxelles
Delort E, Watanabe N, Etoh H, Sakata K, Ceccaldi HJ
(2000) Analysis of initial fouling process in coastal environment: effects of settlement, attachment, and metamorphosis promoters. Mar Biotechnol 2(3):224–230
Descola P (2005) Par delà nature et culture. Gallimard
NRF, 640 p
Descola P et Larrère R (2011) L’écologie des autres.
L’anthropologie et la question de la nature. Paris,
Éditions Quae, coll. Sciences en questions, Paris, 110 p
Doussan I et al (2005) Guide de création d’un espace
marin protégé en Méditerranée : aspects juridiques,
biologiques et écologiques. Les Actes. Parc National
de Port-Cros, publ., 48p
FAO (2011) Fisheries management. 4. Marine protected
areas and fi sheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for
Responsible Fisheries (Compiled by Jessica
S. Sanders, Dominique Gréboval and Antonia Hjort
No. 4, Suppl. 4. Rome. 198 pp
Gabrié C, Lagabrielle E, Bissery C, Crochelet E, Meola B,
Webster C, Claudet J, Chassanite A, Marinesque S,
Robert P, Goutx M, Quod C (2012) The status of marine
protected areas in the Mediterranean Sea. MedPAN &
CAR/ASP. Ed: MedPAN Collection. 260 pp
Galgani F (2014) Marine litter within the European
marine strategy: framework directive. In: Proc. 15th
Fr.-Japon Oceanogr (in press)
Hamilton R, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Aguilar-Perera A
(2012) The role of local ecological knowledge in the
conservation and management of reef fi sh spawning
aggregations. In: Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Colin PL
(eds) Reef fi sh spawning aggregations: biology,
Limits of the Concepts of Marine Protected Areas: Adaptation of Human Populations…
10 % in 2020. Some of these protected areas are
only beginning to be observed. However, the
decision has not yet been made to establish MPAs
to conserve existing biodiversity or whether this
biodiversity can be enhanced and improved by
the addition of artifi cial habitats, what proportion
and with what techniques such protected areas
can reasonably be exploited for the benefi t of
humankind through careful environmental management of samples in these semi-artifi cial
environments.
More generally, and despite signifi cant efforts
in recent years to create and develop comprehensive approaches to preserve marine areas, have
not yet been developed to clearly understand past
relationships, current and future relationships of
humankind with the marine environment, they
gradually take possession
In other words: mankind take progressively
possession of sea and oceans, without knowing
the future relationships between man and the sea.
References
Agardy T, Bridgewater P, Crosby MP, Day J, Dayton PK,
Kenchingyon R, Laffoley D, McConney P, Murray
PA, Parks JE, Peau L (2003) Dangerous targets?
Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around
marine protected areas. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw
Ecosyst 13:353–367
Anonymous (2008) Establishing marine protected
area networks – making it happen. IUCN
World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCNWCPA). National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration and The Nature Conservancy,
Washington, DC, 118 p
Anonymous (2012a) Stratégie nationale pour la création
et la gestion des aires marines protégées. Ministère de
l’Écologie, du Développement durable, des Transports
et du Logement, Agence des Aires marines protégées,
(Mars 2012)
Anonymous (2012b). Guide méthodologique pour la création et la gestion concertée d’une aire marine protégée.
Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement durable,
des Transports et du Logement, Agence des aires
marines protégées (Mars 2012)
Anraku M, Azeta M (1967) The feeding activities of
Yellowtail larvae Seriola quinqueradiata Temmink et
Schlegel, associated with fl oating seaweeds. Bull
Seikai Reg Fish Res Lab 35:41–50
Barnes DKA (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic
debris. Nature 416:808–809
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009)
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in
global environments. Phil Trans R Soc B 364:1985–1998.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 . Published 15 June 2009
Berque J, Matsuda O (2013) Coastal biodiversity management in Japanese satoumi. Mar Policy 39:191–200
Ceccaldi HJ (1998) Some examples of Japanese artifi cial
reefs and some recent progress. In: Abstr. Symp.
European Artifi cial Reef Research Network,
Southampton, 8–10 janvier 1998, 4 p
Ceccaldi HJ (1999) “Artifi cial reefs” versus “Underwater
structures to enhance ecology and fi sheries”: an attempt
of classifi cation and future ways of research. In:
Proceedings of the conference, 7th C.A.R.A.H. Sanremo,
7–11 Oct 1999, p 448
Ceccaldi HJ (2004) Déchets produits par la nature et
déchets produits par l’homme: une révision des concepts, p. 25. Rés.V ème Conf. internat. “Droits de
Propriété, Économie et Environnement: les déchets.
Aix-en-Provence, 23–25 juin 2002
Ceccaldi HJ (2006) Futur des extensions portuaires et protection du milieu marin. Ann Inst Médit Transports
Marit 21: 279–319
Ceccaldi HJ, Nakagawa (2003) Le progrès technologique
au service de l’exploitation durable du littoral. IV ème
Conf. internat. “Droits de Propriété, Économie et
Environnement: le Littoral. Aix-en-Provence, 26–28
juin 2002: 189–195, Bruylant édit. Bruxelles
Delort E, Watanabe N, Etoh H, Sakata K, Ceccaldi HJ
(2000) Analysis of initial fouling process in coastal environment: effects of settlement, attachment, and metamorphosis promoters. Mar Biotechnol 2(3):224–230
Descola P (2005) Par delà nature et culture. Gallimard
NRF, 640 p
Descola P et Larrère R (2011) L’écologie des autres.
L’anthropologie et la question de la nature. Paris,
Éditions Quae, coll. Sciences en questions, Paris, 110 p
Doussan I et al (2005) Guide de création d’un espace
marin protégé en Méditerranée : aspects juridiques,
biologiques et écologiques. Les Actes. Parc National
de Port-Cros, publ., 48p
FAO (2011) Fisheries management. 4. Marine protected
areas and fi sheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for
Responsible Fisheries (Compiled by Jessica
S. Sanders, Dominique Gréboval and Antonia Hjort
No. 4, Suppl. 4. Rome. 198 pp
Gabrié C, Lagabrielle E, Bissery C, Crochelet E, Meola B,
Webster C, Claudet J, Chassanite A, Marinesque S,
Robert P, Goutx M, Quod C (2012) The status of marine
protected areas in the Mediterranean Sea. MedPAN &
CAR/ASP. Ed: MedPAN Collection. 260 pp
Galgani F (2014) Marine litter within the European
marine strategy: framework directive. In: Proc. 15th
Fr.-Japon Oceanogr (in press)
Hamilton R, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Aguilar-Perera A
(2012) The role of local ecological knowledge in the
conservation and management of reef fi sh spawning
aggregations. In: Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Colin PL
(eds) Reef fi sh spawning aggregations: biology,
Limits of the Concepts of Marine Protected Areas: Adaptation of Human Populations…