265
traditional knowledge, is much shorter than in
satoyama, but, particularly in Japan, there is
already a good deal of practice regarding the use
of ecological engineering technique that is
increasingly addressing the ecosystem and not
just one specifi c production. In Shiraishi-jima
(Okayama Prefecture), marine farming is about
‘enhancing the whole ecosystem and not just the
fi sh taking into consideration the intrinsic ecological features of the area and trying to maintain
the ecological niches’.
In France, where the perception of coastal traditional landscape remains quite conservative, a
salt marsh landscape is nowadays considered as
part of this traditional coastal landscape, forgetting that it was once the result of human strong
interaction with nature, targeting only one product, salt, which has been since then nicely reborn
as the ‘fruit of ocean, sun and wind’.
In comparison, Satoumi in Japan is already ‘at
sea’, probably because there was no choice in
regard to the search for vital and scarce space for
development on the coast, but also certainly
because of the unique system of fi shing rights in
Japan and the whole compensation system which
goes with it, and strong national and regional
policies towards a ‘learning by doing’ kind of
marine ecological engineering.
As a matter of fact, besides the rather recent
involvement of environment-led NPOs, ‘common fi shing right deeply connects with satoumi’
making ‘the Japanese common fi shing right institution a prototype of satoumi’ (Hidaka 2011 ).
Therefore, the discourse on satoumi cannot be
disconnected from this unique and very original
trait of fi shing right in Japan where local communities and fi shermen co-manage their coastal
and marine resources through fi sheries and/or
aquaculture activities.
2.2.2 Converging Concern 2
In their respective context, both fi shing communities in Japan and in France know very well
what is and will be at stake tomorrow: the ecosystem health. But this is true mainly at local level
while it is not yet apparent at the next bigger
scale where market short-term considerations are
still the rule.
2.3
Sectoral Policies
and Protection
The maritime sector of France is marked by the
predominance of coastal tourism. Recreational
boating, shipbuilding, marine equipment, navy
and seaports are also important players not only
in the maritime domain but in the French economy as a whole.
In Japan, the situation is somewhat different
since the fi shing rights law gives the fi shermen
the pre-eminence in the coastal areas, while the
defence of the coast and ports development are
vital to the survival of coastal populations and
commercial exchanges with the world.
Nevertheless, the conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity have been gaining strength in
policymaking in the last years.
2.3.1 Marine Protected Areas
as an ICM Tool
The newly established Marine Protected Areas
Agency in France (2006) has developed a national
strategy for MPA deployment in metropolitan
France and overseas territories. While they were
initially envisioned as a means of managing
coastal resources where they were not specifi -
cally managed, it quickly appeared that to take
into account the continuum from the watershed to
the EEZ boundaries, a wider approach of integrated coastal and ocean management was necessary. Under the French maritime policy and its
coastal and sea management strategy, marine
protected areas are thus treated as tools for
achieving the overall strategy. Any ICM strategy
should then take into account the planning, designation and management of MPAs as a means for
ensuring biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of coastal resources as in the
case of fi sheries (no-take zones).
As reported in Nagoya COP 10 (October
2010), there are various types of MPAs along the
coast of Japan, the majority of them focusing on
the conservation and sustainable use of fi shery
resources and are managed by the Fishery
Cooperative Agencies (FCA) themselves. Along
the principle of ‘use and build-up on what already
exists’, there is a great potential as a tool for ICM
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…
traditional knowledge, is much shorter than in
satoyama, but, particularly in Japan, there is
already a good deal of practice regarding the use
of ecological engineering technique that is
increasingly addressing the ecosystem and not
just one specifi c production. In Shiraishi-jima
(Okayama Prefecture), marine farming is about
‘enhancing the whole ecosystem and not just the
fi sh taking into consideration the intrinsic ecological features of the area and trying to maintain
the ecological niches’.
In France, where the perception of coastal traditional landscape remains quite conservative, a
salt marsh landscape is nowadays considered as
part of this traditional coastal landscape, forgetting that it was once the result of human strong
interaction with nature, targeting only one product, salt, which has been since then nicely reborn
as the ‘fruit of ocean, sun and wind’.
In comparison, Satoumi in Japan is already ‘at
sea’, probably because there was no choice in
regard to the search for vital and scarce space for
development on the coast, but also certainly
because of the unique system of fi shing rights in
Japan and the whole compensation system which
goes with it, and strong national and regional
policies towards a ‘learning by doing’ kind of
marine ecological engineering.
As a matter of fact, besides the rather recent
involvement of environment-led NPOs, ‘common fi shing right deeply connects with satoumi’
making ‘the Japanese common fi shing right institution a prototype of satoumi’ (Hidaka 2011 ).
Therefore, the discourse on satoumi cannot be
disconnected from this unique and very original
trait of fi shing right in Japan where local communities and fi shermen co-manage their coastal
and marine resources through fi sheries and/or
aquaculture activities.
2.2.2 Converging Concern 2
In their respective context, both fi shing communities in Japan and in France know very well
what is and will be at stake tomorrow: the ecosystem health. But this is true mainly at local level
while it is not yet apparent at the next bigger
scale where market short-term considerations are
still the rule.
2.3
Sectoral Policies
and Protection
The maritime sector of France is marked by the
predominance of coastal tourism. Recreational
boating, shipbuilding, marine equipment, navy
and seaports are also important players not only
in the maritime domain but in the French economy as a whole.
In Japan, the situation is somewhat different
since the fi shing rights law gives the fi shermen
the pre-eminence in the coastal areas, while the
defence of the coast and ports development are
vital to the survival of coastal populations and
commercial exchanges with the world.
Nevertheless, the conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity have been gaining strength in
policymaking in the last years.
2.3.1 Marine Protected Areas
as an ICM Tool
The newly established Marine Protected Areas
Agency in France (2006) has developed a national
strategy for MPA deployment in metropolitan
France and overseas territories. While they were
initially envisioned as a means of managing
coastal resources where they were not specifi -
cally managed, it quickly appeared that to take
into account the continuum from the watershed to
the EEZ boundaries, a wider approach of integrated coastal and ocean management was necessary. Under the French maritime policy and its
coastal and sea management strategy, marine
protected areas are thus treated as tools for
achieving the overall strategy. Any ICM strategy
should then take into account the planning, designation and management of MPAs as a means for
ensuring biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of coastal resources as in the
case of fi sheries (no-take zones).
As reported in Nagoya COP 10 (October
2010), there are various types of MPAs along the
coast of Japan, the majority of them focusing on
the conservation and sustainable use of fi shery
resources and are managed by the Fishery
Cooperative Agencies (FCA) themselves. Along
the principle of ‘use and build-up on what already
exists’, there is a great potential as a tool for ICM
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…