266
but which would necessitate their mapping to
locate them and develop an overall vision, ecoregion by ecoregion, that would allow to develop,
with the fi shers and their FCA, networks of MPAs
at greater scale.
2.3.2 Converging Concern 3
Marine protected areas, whatever they are, should
be considered as tools for integrated coastal management. This is in agreement with the Aichi target 11 which stipulates that ‘by 2020, at least
17 % of terrestrial and inland water areas and
10 % of coastal and marine areas, especially
areas of particular importance for biodiversity
and ecosystem services, are conserved through
effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well-connected systems of
protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the
wider landscape and seascape’.
2.4
Small Islands and Their
Surrounding Ocean Areas
Due to their geographical characteristics, remote
islands and their surrounding seas, especially
when they are not inhabited, are often a ‘treasure
trove’ (Kagami 2011 ) of valuable ecosystems
and biodiversity and not just used solely for the
purpose of claiming countries’ EEZ.
In Japan, the establishment of the Basic Act
on Ocean Policy does include a measure for the
Conservation of the Remote Islands which is now
entering into implementation.
At a much bigger scale, the ‘Pacifi c
Oceanscape’, endorsed by the Pacifi c Forum
leaders in August 2010 (Rayfuse 2011 ), is
intended to provide a framework for cooperation
in ocean conservation and management across a
large part of the Pacifi c. This agreement urges the
Pacifi c Island Countries and Territories (PICTs)
to incorporate principles relating to sustainable
ocean and coastal development into national policy and planning, along with the establishment of
coordinated institutional mechanisms for transparent implementation of the Pacifi c Islands
Regional Oceans Policy (PIROP). Importantly
enough, the Pacifi c Oceanscape concept also
highlights the need to incorporate strengths and
traditions of coastal communities to attain ‘sustainable island life’ (Tsamenyi and Jit 2011 ).
This move in the South Pacifi c is an excellent
example of a very large marine ecoregion
approach including island states’ national
development.
It is undeniably of high interest to Japan, the
reason why OPRF has made the subject one of its
research subject, but also for France in the frame
of its new maritime policy, not so much as regards
metropolitan France but its overseas territories
which are mostly small islands with different
political status. The oceanscape, ecoregion and/
or large marine ecosystem approaches should
well underpin such a French political initiative as
the already published ‘Southern Indian Ocean
Blue Book’ to have a chance to be shared with
the other island states from the region.
2.4.1 Converging Concern 4
In the case of both countries (Japan and France),
islands are strategic in regard to their EEZ boundary and should be seen as the strategic core of a
large marine area sustainable development.
3
Looking at Common Issues
3.1
The Crucial Involvement
of Local Governments
and Stakeholders
Out of the four convergences previously identifi ed, there is a major and central issue that is
common to both countries in regard to their
ocean/maritime policy/strategy implementation:
beyond local initiatives, in regard to the implementation of a national ICM strategy, what is the
appropriate governance and planning system that
may link the land and the sea allowing local
authorities to get into the process and to develop
a sense of ownership?
3.1.1 Current State in France
In France, there are no coastal partnerships at
local level but a number of sectoral organisations
themselves assisted and controlled by the state
administration. To face this lack of communication,
Y. Hénocque
but which would necessitate their mapping to
locate them and develop an overall vision, ecoregion by ecoregion, that would allow to develop,
with the fi shers and their FCA, networks of MPAs
at greater scale.
2.3.2 Converging Concern 3
Marine protected areas, whatever they are, should
be considered as tools for integrated coastal management. This is in agreement with the Aichi target 11 which stipulates that ‘by 2020, at least
17 % of terrestrial and inland water areas and
10 % of coastal and marine areas, especially
areas of particular importance for biodiversity
and ecosystem services, are conserved through
effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well-connected systems of
protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the
wider landscape and seascape’.
2.4
Small Islands and Their
Surrounding Ocean Areas
Due to their geographical characteristics, remote
islands and their surrounding seas, especially
when they are not inhabited, are often a ‘treasure
trove’ (Kagami 2011 ) of valuable ecosystems
and biodiversity and not just used solely for the
purpose of claiming countries’ EEZ.
In Japan, the establishment of the Basic Act
on Ocean Policy does include a measure for the
Conservation of the Remote Islands which is now
entering into implementation.
At a much bigger scale, the ‘Pacifi c
Oceanscape’, endorsed by the Pacifi c Forum
leaders in August 2010 (Rayfuse 2011 ), is
intended to provide a framework for cooperation
in ocean conservation and management across a
large part of the Pacifi c. This agreement urges the
Pacifi c Island Countries and Territories (PICTs)
to incorporate principles relating to sustainable
ocean and coastal development into national policy and planning, along with the establishment of
coordinated institutional mechanisms for transparent implementation of the Pacifi c Islands
Regional Oceans Policy (PIROP). Importantly
enough, the Pacifi c Oceanscape concept also
highlights the need to incorporate strengths and
traditions of coastal communities to attain ‘sustainable island life’ (Tsamenyi and Jit 2011 ).
This move in the South Pacifi c is an excellent
example of a very large marine ecoregion
approach including island states’ national
development.
It is undeniably of high interest to Japan, the
reason why OPRF has made the subject one of its
research subject, but also for France in the frame
of its new maritime policy, not so much as regards
metropolitan France but its overseas territories
which are mostly small islands with different
political status. The oceanscape, ecoregion and/
or large marine ecosystem approaches should
well underpin such a French political initiative as
the already published ‘Southern Indian Ocean
Blue Book’ to have a chance to be shared with
the other island states from the region.
2.4.1 Converging Concern 4
In the case of both countries (Japan and France),
islands are strategic in regard to their EEZ boundary and should be seen as the strategic core of a
large marine area sustainable development.
3
Looking at Common Issues
3.1
The Crucial Involvement
of Local Governments
and Stakeholders
Out of the four convergences previously identifi ed, there is a major and central issue that is
common to both countries in regard to their
ocean/maritime policy/strategy implementation:
beyond local initiatives, in regard to the implementation of a national ICM strategy, what is the
appropriate governance and planning system that
may link the land and the sea allowing local
authorities to get into the process and to develop
a sense of ownership?
3.1.1 Current State in France
In France, there are no coastal partnerships at
local level but a number of sectoral organisations
themselves assisted and controlled by the state
administration. To face this lack of communication,
Y. Hénocque