264
encountered in the fi eld and accept to ‘journey’
with the stakeholders towards more sustainability
(Hénocque 2010a , b ).
In both countries, ICM strategies preceded
ocean policies since Japan (National Land
Agency) published its fi rst ICM guidelines in
2000 engaging municipalities and prefectures to
come up with integrated coastal management
plan, while France established its ICM strategy
(though not published as such but as a national
report to the European Commission) in 2006. But
to what extent scientists and experts from such a
different geographical, historical, sociological
and cultural context like it is the case between
France and Japan may share the same concepts
and to a certain extent speak the same language?
2.1.3 The Common Inheritance
of the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment
Based on its assessments, the 2005 Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) founded the
ecosystem- based approach in describing the
society- nature interactions based on the concept
of ecosystem services which is directed equally
to the social and natural sciences.
It is this very framework that has been used in
a national study of the interaction between
humans and terrestrial-aquatic landscape ecosystems (satoyama) and marine-coastal seascape
ecosystems (satoumi) in Japan (Anonymous
2010 ). While the outcomes of this study have
been highly publicised during the Nagoya COP
10 (Convention on Biological Diversity) event in
2010, one of its main recommendations is to
strengthen the satoyama-satoumi approach
(ecosystem- based management approach) in
managing biodiversity and ecosystem services,
recognising the mosaic composition of ecosystem types and their inherent interlinkages while
pointing out the need for networking ‘unconnected and piecemeal’ initiatives and setting up
new forms of governance allowing the decentralised management of the ‘commons’, which is
particularly true for the marine areas.
As regards the drivers of change, the 11
March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and
Tsunami correspond to an abrupt and ‘giant
composite disaster’ (Mimura et al. 2011 ) which
led to the entire destruction of centuries-built
social- ecological systems and their ecosystem
services along the coast of Tohoku. More than
never, reconstruction will have to take into consideration this fragile equilibrium between man
and nature.
2.1.4 Converging Concern 1
Whatever its cultural interpretation, we then may
agree on a common approach that could be
defi ned as ‘an integrated approach to management (ICM) that considers entire ecosystems,
including humans, the goal of which being to
maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive
and resilient condition so that it can provide the
services humans want and need’.
2.2
Landscape/Seascape:
Perception and Cultural
Values
2.2.1 Going at Sea with Satoumi
‘Satoyama’ in Japan refers to a mosaic of ecosystems including wetlands, grasslands, woodlands,
farmlands, paddy fi elds and settlements. The
interaction of humans with nature has led to the
emergence of these ecosystems that provide signifi cant habitats for a great variety of wild animals and plants. Thus, the interaction of humans
with the satoyama social-ecological systems has
played a vital role in biodiversity conservation,
socio-economic progress and the emergence of
traditional knowledge on different components of
these ecosystems.
In France, a Burgundy landscape with its vineyards in the foreground, the result of centuries of
human interaction with vineyards and their ‘terroir’, may be considered as a kind of satoyama
cultural landscape. But, while in Japan satoyama
is never far from the sea because of the country
insularity, it may be quite far and seen as totally
disconnected as it is the case for an inner region
(Burgundy) in a continental country like France.
‘Satoumi’ in Japan refers to ‘high productivity
and biodiversity in the coastal sea area with
human interaction’. In this case, history, hence
Y. Hénocque
encountered in the fi eld and accept to ‘journey’
with the stakeholders towards more sustainability
(Hénocque 2010a , b ).
In both countries, ICM strategies preceded
ocean policies since Japan (National Land
Agency) published its fi rst ICM guidelines in
2000 engaging municipalities and prefectures to
come up with integrated coastal management
plan, while France established its ICM strategy
(though not published as such but as a national
report to the European Commission) in 2006. But
to what extent scientists and experts from such a
different geographical, historical, sociological
and cultural context like it is the case between
France and Japan may share the same concepts
and to a certain extent speak the same language?
2.1.3 The Common Inheritance
of the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment
Based on its assessments, the 2005 Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) founded the
ecosystem- based approach in describing the
society- nature interactions based on the concept
of ecosystem services which is directed equally
to the social and natural sciences.
It is this very framework that has been used in
a national study of the interaction between
humans and terrestrial-aquatic landscape ecosystems (satoyama) and marine-coastal seascape
ecosystems (satoumi) in Japan (Anonymous
2010 ). While the outcomes of this study have
been highly publicised during the Nagoya COP
10 (Convention on Biological Diversity) event in
2010, one of its main recommendations is to
strengthen the satoyama-satoumi approach
(ecosystem- based management approach) in
managing biodiversity and ecosystem services,
recognising the mosaic composition of ecosystem types and their inherent interlinkages while
pointing out the need for networking ‘unconnected and piecemeal’ initiatives and setting up
new forms of governance allowing the decentralised management of the ‘commons’, which is
particularly true for the marine areas.
As regards the drivers of change, the 11
March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and
Tsunami correspond to an abrupt and ‘giant
composite disaster’ (Mimura et al. 2011 ) which
led to the entire destruction of centuries-built
social- ecological systems and their ecosystem
services along the coast of Tohoku. More than
never, reconstruction will have to take into consideration this fragile equilibrium between man
and nature.
2.1.4 Converging Concern 1
Whatever its cultural interpretation, we then may
agree on a common approach that could be
defi ned as ‘an integrated approach to management (ICM) that considers entire ecosystems,
including humans, the goal of which being to
maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive
and resilient condition so that it can provide the
services humans want and need’.
2.2
Landscape/Seascape:
Perception and Cultural
Values
2.2.1 Going at Sea with Satoumi
‘Satoyama’ in Japan refers to a mosaic of ecosystems including wetlands, grasslands, woodlands,
farmlands, paddy fi elds and settlements. The
interaction of humans with nature has led to the
emergence of these ecosystems that provide signifi cant habitats for a great variety of wild animals and plants. Thus, the interaction of humans
with the satoyama social-ecological systems has
played a vital role in biodiversity conservation,
socio-economic progress and the emergence of
traditional knowledge on different components of
these ecosystems.
In France, a Burgundy landscape with its vineyards in the foreground, the result of centuries of
human interaction with vineyards and their ‘terroir’, may be considered as a kind of satoyama
cultural landscape. But, while in Japan satoyama
is never far from the sea because of the country
insularity, it may be quite far and seen as totally
disconnected as it is the case for an inner region
(Burgundy) in a continental country like France.
‘Satoumi’ in Japan refers to ‘high productivity
and biodiversity in the coastal sea area with
human interaction’. In this case, history, hence
Y. Hénocque