261
that Japan’s contributions to ocean governance ‘were
uninspiring until the enactment of the Basic Act on
Ocean Policy in 2007’ (Terashima 2010 ).
This important move cannot be disconnected
from the concern of ‘stabilizing the security environment of the seas in East Asia where China’s
naval build up and maritime expansion are affecting the regional sea power balance, while interstate disputes are being intensifi ed over territorial
sovereignty of islands, delimitation of
jurisdictional waters, and sovereign rights over
ocean resources’.
In the background is the vital US-Japan
Alliance that, since its 50th anniversary (2010)
and both countries’ forces joint response to the
Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011,
is considered to be at a turning point in renewing
a partnership in response to a strategic environment of increasing complexity.
France Tardy Recognition of Its Maritime
Heritage – As it was recalled in the fi rst presidential speech ever entirely devoted to ocean policy
in 2009 (President Sarkozy at the time), France
has often turned its back on the sea (though not
Table 1 National maritime policies of France/Japan
France (Blue Book on Ocean Policy)
Japan (Basic Plan on Ocean Policy)
Invest into the future
Enhance the knowledge of the sea
1. Generate the people’s passion for the sea
1. Promotion of marine surveys
2. Improved knowledge for improved management
2. Promotion of marine science and technology R&D
3. Maritime education and professional training
3. Enhance citizens’ understanding of the sea and foster
human resources
4. Protect the coastal and marine environment
5. Develop coastal and ocean monitoring
Develop a maritime sustainable economy
Harmonise sea development and environmental
protection
1. Natural resources sustainable development
1. Promote development and use of marine resources
2. Sustainable fi sheries and aquaculture development
2. Preserve marine and coastal environment
3. Innovating and competitive shipbuilding industry
Sound development of maritime industries
1. Secure maritime transport
4. Rethink maritime transport
2. Promote maritime industries and strengthen
international competitiveness
5. Develop port international dimension
6. Strategy for leisure boats and aquatic sports
development
Promote maritime France in Europe and the world
International partnership with regard to the sea
1. France and international governance development
1. Secure international coordination and promote
international cooperation
2. France and EU integrated maritime policy building up
3. Maintain sovereignty and fulfi l responsibilities
4. Strengthen France’s intervention capacity for defence
and security
Set up a renewed governance
Comprehensive governance of the sea
1. Coastal and ocean governance setting and policy
instruments development
1. Promote development in EEZ and continental shelves
2. Comprehensive management of the coastal zones
2. Foster the state operative capacity at sea
3. Preserve the islands
3. Foster operative effi ciency at international level
Secure safety and security at sea
1. Secure safety and security at sea
Promote the French overseas territories’ maritime
dimension
1. Territorial governments, developers of the national
policy
2. Marine environment: an asset as well as responsibilities
3. Marine resources as one of the key economic sectors
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…
that Japan’s contributions to ocean governance ‘were
uninspiring until the enactment of the Basic Act on
Ocean Policy in 2007’ (Terashima 2010 ).
This important move cannot be disconnected
from the concern of ‘stabilizing the security environment of the seas in East Asia where China’s
naval build up and maritime expansion are affecting the regional sea power balance, while interstate disputes are being intensifi ed over territorial
sovereignty of islands, delimitation of
jurisdictional waters, and sovereign rights over
ocean resources’.
In the background is the vital US-Japan
Alliance that, since its 50th anniversary (2010)
and both countries’ forces joint response to the
Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011,
is considered to be at a turning point in renewing
a partnership in response to a strategic environment of increasing complexity.
France Tardy Recognition of Its Maritime
Heritage – As it was recalled in the fi rst presidential speech ever entirely devoted to ocean policy
in 2009 (President Sarkozy at the time), France
has often turned its back on the sea (though not
Table 1 National maritime policies of France/Japan
France (Blue Book on Ocean Policy)
Japan (Basic Plan on Ocean Policy)
Invest into the future
Enhance the knowledge of the sea
1. Generate the people’s passion for the sea
1. Promotion of marine surveys
2. Improved knowledge for improved management
2. Promotion of marine science and technology R&D
3. Maritime education and professional training
3. Enhance citizens’ understanding of the sea and foster
human resources
4. Protect the coastal and marine environment
5. Develop coastal and ocean monitoring
Develop a maritime sustainable economy
Harmonise sea development and environmental
protection
1. Natural resources sustainable development
1. Promote development and use of marine resources
2. Sustainable fi sheries and aquaculture development
2. Preserve marine and coastal environment
3. Innovating and competitive shipbuilding industry
Sound development of maritime industries
1. Secure maritime transport
4. Rethink maritime transport
2. Promote maritime industries and strengthen
international competitiveness
5. Develop port international dimension
6. Strategy for leisure boats and aquatic sports
development
Promote maritime France in Europe and the world
International partnership with regard to the sea
1. France and international governance development
1. Secure international coordination and promote
international cooperation
2. France and EU integrated maritime policy building up
3. Maintain sovereignty and fulfi l responsibilities
4. Strengthen France’s intervention capacity for defence
and security
Set up a renewed governance
Comprehensive governance of the sea
1. Coastal and ocean governance setting and policy
instruments development
1. Promote development in EEZ and continental shelves
2. Comprehensive management of the coastal zones
2. Foster the state operative capacity at sea
3. Preserve the islands
3. Foster operative effi ciency at international level
Secure safety and security at sea
1. Secure safety and security at sea
Promote the French overseas territories’ maritime
dimension
1. Territorial governments, developers of the national
policy
2. Marine environment: an asset as well as responsibilities
3. Marine resources as one of the key economic sectors
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…