260
Comprehensive Ocean Policy for the purpose of
promoting these measures in a comprehensive
and systematic manner, aiming at realizing a new
ocean-oriented nation’ (Kuribayashi 2008 ). As
the basis of the Basic Ocean Plan, 12 basic measures have already been agreed upon. They
include the promotion of development and conservation of the marine environment within the
EEZ and other areas, securing the safety and
security of the oceans including maritime transport, promotion of ocean science and technology,
ocean industries and their international competitiveness, integrated coastal management and
enhancement of citizen’s understanding of the
oceans, and conservation of remote islands and
international cooperation.
In France, the recent national move (2009) for
the management of the coast and ocean has been
largely infl uenced by the new European Integrated
Maritime Policy and its Marine Strategy
Framework Directive. It was initiated within the
framework of the ‘Grenelle Environment’ and
then ‘Grenelle of the Sea’ national consultations
ending up with the publication of a Blue Book
giving the outlines of the national maritime strategy related to knowledge enhancement, governance
arrangement,
maritime
activities
development, education and training and international commitments in metropolitan France and
its overseas territories.
A fi rst Basic Act (Loi Grenelle 1) enacted in
2009 was complemented in 2010 by a second
more detailed one (Loi Grenelle 2) setting out the
institutions and governance mechanism for
implementation of the national maritime strategy.
The last decree of application of the law, devoted
to the preparation and enactment of a national
maritime strategy and its implementation at
marine ecoregions and subregions, was published
in February 2012.
In these respective national contexts, both
countries have numerous ongoing local ICMrelated initiatives taking place in specifi c regional
and local context. The question is therefore how
to progressively build up from national to local
and vice versa an adequate, viable and wellsupported governance and management process
that can help each nation to consolidate their
national framework, hence promoting their
ocean-state position in their respective maritime
region and in the international arena.
2
Converging Concerns
2.1
From Global and National
Perspectives
2.1.1 Setting the National Context
from a Regional Perspective
Since 2007 and 2008, Japan has an Ocean Basic
Law and a Basic Ocean Plan developing 6 principles and 12 measures. It is more recently that
France, in the framework of the EU integrated
maritime policy, took the political decision to
prepare its own maritime strategy through a short
consultation process immediately followed by
the preparation and adoption of a Blue Book
(Anonymous 2009a , b ) on seas and oceans’
national strategy.
Looking at both national maritime policies
(though a formalised French maritime strategy
has still to be drafted and enacted), respective
goals and objectives look somewhat similar
except the specifi cs of the French overseas territories, which are quite strategic since their EEZ
represents around 97 % of the French entire EEZ
(Hénocque 2010a , b ) (Table 1 ).
Japan Political Shift: From a Reactive to a
Proactive Stance – The Japanese archipelago
constitutes part of the Asian continent offshore
island chain creating a series of marginal seas
along the Eurasian continent, including the Sea
of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, the
East and South China Seas and the Philippine
Sea. In such a position, there are three strategic
lines of communication that are vital to Japan:
the one to the Indian Ocean, the Pacifi c Ocean
and the Eurasian landmass with China becoming
a major maritime power in the region and soon in
the world (Kotani 2012 ) (Fig. 1 ).
In spite of strong fi shing and maritime industries,
a long tradition of ocean research and development
and the entrustment of the world’s 6th largest EEZ
under UNCLOS, many Japanese scientists and government and administrative representatives consider
Y. Hénocque
Comprehensive Ocean Policy for the purpose of
promoting these measures in a comprehensive
and systematic manner, aiming at realizing a new
ocean-oriented nation’ (Kuribayashi 2008 ). As
the basis of the Basic Ocean Plan, 12 basic measures have already been agreed upon. They
include the promotion of development and conservation of the marine environment within the
EEZ and other areas, securing the safety and
security of the oceans including maritime transport, promotion of ocean science and technology,
ocean industries and their international competitiveness, integrated coastal management and
enhancement of citizen’s understanding of the
oceans, and conservation of remote islands and
international cooperation.
In France, the recent national move (2009) for
the management of the coast and ocean has been
largely infl uenced by the new European Integrated
Maritime Policy and its Marine Strategy
Framework Directive. It was initiated within the
framework of the ‘Grenelle Environment’ and
then ‘Grenelle of the Sea’ national consultations
ending up with the publication of a Blue Book
giving the outlines of the national maritime strategy related to knowledge enhancement, governance
arrangement,
maritime
activities
development, education and training and international commitments in metropolitan France and
its overseas territories.
A fi rst Basic Act (Loi Grenelle 1) enacted in
2009 was complemented in 2010 by a second
more detailed one (Loi Grenelle 2) setting out the
institutions and governance mechanism for
implementation of the national maritime strategy.
The last decree of application of the law, devoted
to the preparation and enactment of a national
maritime strategy and its implementation at
marine ecoregions and subregions, was published
in February 2012.
In these respective national contexts, both
countries have numerous ongoing local ICMrelated initiatives taking place in specifi c regional
and local context. The question is therefore how
to progressively build up from national to local
and vice versa an adequate, viable and wellsupported governance and management process
that can help each nation to consolidate their
national framework, hence promoting their
ocean-state position in their respective maritime
region and in the international arena.
2
Converging Concerns
2.1
From Global and National
Perspectives
2.1.1 Setting the National Context
from a Regional Perspective
Since 2007 and 2008, Japan has an Ocean Basic
Law and a Basic Ocean Plan developing 6 principles and 12 measures. It is more recently that
France, in the framework of the EU integrated
maritime policy, took the political decision to
prepare its own maritime strategy through a short
consultation process immediately followed by
the preparation and adoption of a Blue Book
(Anonymous 2009a , b ) on seas and oceans’
national strategy.
Looking at both national maritime policies
(though a formalised French maritime strategy
has still to be drafted and enacted), respective
goals and objectives look somewhat similar
except the specifi cs of the French overseas territories, which are quite strategic since their EEZ
represents around 97 % of the French entire EEZ
(Hénocque 2010a , b ) (Table 1 ).
Japan Political Shift: From a Reactive to a
Proactive Stance – The Japanese archipelago
constitutes part of the Asian continent offshore
island chain creating a series of marginal seas
along the Eurasian continent, including the Sea
of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, the
East and South China Seas and the Philippine
Sea. In such a position, there are three strategic
lines of communication that are vital to Japan:
the one to the Indian Ocean, the Pacifi c Ocean
and the Eurasian landmass with China becoming
a major maritime power in the region and soon in
the world (Kotani 2012 ) (Fig. 1 ).
In spite of strong fi shing and maritime industries,
a long tradition of ocean research and development
and the entrustment of the world’s 6th largest EEZ
under UNCLOS, many Japanese scientists and government and administrative representatives consider
Y. Hénocque