86
Table 3
Water contamination by antibiotics and fecal antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli
and Enterococcus
, along the continuum medical center–WWTP (collecting
the wastewaters from the medical center and from a community of 9,058 inhabitants)–river (Risle), during the winter period and a high epidemic period (December 2009)
Antibiotic
Medical center
WWTP infl uent
WWTP effl uent
River (Risle)
Hospital
Retirement home
Concentration
(µg.L
−1
)
Resistant
bacteria (%)
Concentration
(µg.L
−1
)
Resistant
bacteria (%)
Concentration
(µg.L
−1
)
Resistant
bacteria (%)
Concentration
(µg.L
−1
)
Resistant
bacteria (%)
Concentration
(µg.L
−1
)
Resistant
bacteria (%)
Ampicillin
0.0
10 100
b
0.7
38
a
87.5
b
0.0
6.0
a
19.1
a
0.0
10.0
a
19.0
b
0.0
16
a
4.0
b
Other
β-lactams
161
–
–
0.0
–
–
0.0
–
–
0.0
–
–
0.0
–
–
Ciprofl oxacin
73
8
75
b
0.0
42
a
100.0
b
0.0
16
a
15.6
b
0.04
4.0
a
17.0
b
0.0
4.0
a
5.0
b
Other quinolones
68
–
–
59
–
–
0.4
–
–
0.1
–
–
0.001
–
–
Tetracycline
0.0
16
a
0.0
b
0.0
38
a
21.0
b
0.08
34
a
28.0
b
0.01
20
a
26.0
b
0.0
18
a
24.0
b
Other tetracyclines
1.0
–
–
0.0
–
–
0.07
–
–
0.0
–
–
0.0
–
–
Erythromycin
0.4
–
72
b
0.0
–
87.0
b
0.4
–
77.0
b
0.05
–
80.0
b
0.002
–
72.0
b
Other macrolides
7.5
–
–
21.9
–
–
3.1
–
–
1.6
–
–
0.005
–
–
Cephalosporin
160
2
a
–
0.0
6
a
–
0.62
6.0
a
–
0.04
2.0
a
–
0.000
2.0
a
–
Sulfonamides
0.0
2
a
–
0.006
24
a
–
0.924
16
a
–
0.715
8.0
a
–
0.005
6.0
a
–
The medical center is composed of a hospital (87 beds, residence time from 4 to 28 days) and a retirement home (180 beds, residence time of an average of 10 years) (Leclercq
et al. 2013 ; Oberlé et al. 2012 )
a
E. coli
b
Enterococcus
– Resistance not tested
F. Petit et al.