85
Table 2 Antibiotic concentration in water along the Seine estuary (July 2011; see Fig. 1 )
Antibiotic ng.L
−1
Poses Rouen Le croisset Les docks La bouille Caudebec Tancarville Berville Honfl eur
β -lactamase
Amoxicillin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ampicillin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Penicillin G
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Penicillin V
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Oxacillin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cloxacillin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dicloxacillin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cefotaxime
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cefpodoxime
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ceftiofur
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cefuroxime
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Quinolones/fl uoroquinolones
Ciprofl oxacin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Enrofl oxacin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Marbofl oxacin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Norfl oxacin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ofl oxacin
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Pipemidic acid
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Oxolinic acid
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Flumequine
9
9
9
8
13
7
3
6
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Oxytetracycline
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chlortetracycline –
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Doxycycline
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfonamides
Sulfadiazine
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfadimethoxine 1
0
1
0
0
0
Sulfamerazine
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfamethazine
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfamethizole
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfamethoxazole 24
5
24
16
21
51
22
56
12
Sulfanilamide
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sulfapyridine
12
6
5
5
16
7
14
2
Sulfathiazole
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Macrolides
Azithromycin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Clarithromycin
8
9
11
7
11
1
0
1
2
Erythromycin
20
19
24
18
20
9
2
4
3
Josamycin
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Roxithromycin
2
3
4
2
3
1
0
Spiramycin
5
2
3
2
2
1
0
1
1
Fate of Antibiotics and Antibiotic-Resistant Fecal Bacteria in Water…