84
Antibiotics ng.L
−1
Robec tributary
WWTP Elbeuf
WWTP Rouen
β-lactamines
Amoxicillin
235
41
Ampicillin
–
–
–
Penicillin G
–
–
–
Penicillin V
–
–
–
Oxacillin
12
–
–
Cloxacillin
40
–
–
Dicloxacillin
–
–
–
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
–
–
–
Cefotaxime
368
31
12
Cefpodoxime
–
–
–
Ceftiofur
–
–
–
Cefuroxime
–
–
–
Quinolones/fl uoroquinolones
Ciprofl oxacin
114
130
265
Enrofl oxacin
–
–
–
Marbofl oxacin
–
–
–
Norfl oxacin
–
22
165
Ofl oxacin
62
77
86
Pipemidic acid
–
–
148
Oxolinic acid
–
–
–
Flumequine
–
161
138
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
–
–
9
Oxytetracycline
–
–
–
Chlortetracycline
–
–
–
Doxycycline
–
–
17
Sulfonamides
Sulfadiazine
–
342
2
Sulfadimethoxine
–
129
0
Sulfamerazine
–
–
–
Sulfamethazine
–
105
–
Sulfamethizole
–
10
4
Sulfamethoxazole
5
276
200
Sulfanilamide
–
137
67
Sulfapyridine
–
235
396
Sulfathiazole
–
–
–
Macrolides
Azithromycin
208
248
Clarithromycin
3
89
482
Erythromycin
3
126
295
Josamycin
–
11
21
Roxithromycin
–
73
239
Spiramycin
–
39
50
A chemical analysis methodology, based on solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass
spectrometry, was developed in order to detect 34 molecules of different antibiotics (Oberlé et al. 2012 )
Table 1 Major sources of contamination of the Seine
estuary by antibiotics: the tributary (Robec) contaminated
by effl uent of a hospital (1,250-bed capacity) which fl ows
at Kp 242 (urban zone of Rouen) and the two most important WWTPs located in the urban zone, Rouen (Kp 247;
treatment capacity, 550,000 inhabitants) and Elbeuf (Kp
220; treatment capacity, 100,000 inhabitants) (GarciaArmisen et al. 2005 ; Touron et al. 2007 )
F. Petit et al.
Antibiotics ng.L
−1
Robec tributary
WWTP Elbeuf
WWTP Rouen
β-lactamines
Amoxicillin
235
41
Ampicillin
–
–
–
Penicillin G
–
–
–
Penicillin V
–
–
–
Oxacillin
12
–
–
Cloxacillin
40
–
–
Dicloxacillin
–
–
–
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
–
–
–
Cefotaxime
368
31
12
Cefpodoxime
–
–
–
Ceftiofur
–
–
–
Cefuroxime
–
–
–
Quinolones/fl uoroquinolones
Ciprofl oxacin
114
130
265
Enrofl oxacin
–
–
–
Marbofl oxacin
–
–
–
Norfl oxacin
–
22
165
Ofl oxacin
62
77
86
Pipemidic acid
–
–
148
Oxolinic acid
–
–
–
Flumequine
–
161
138
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
–
–
9
Oxytetracycline
–
–
–
Chlortetracycline
–
–
–
Doxycycline
–
–
17
Sulfonamides
Sulfadiazine
–
342
2
Sulfadimethoxine
–
129
0
Sulfamerazine
–
–
–
Sulfamethazine
–
105
–
Sulfamethizole
–
10
4
Sulfamethoxazole
5
276
200
Sulfanilamide
–
137
67
Sulfapyridine
–
235
396
Sulfathiazole
–
–
–
Macrolides
Azithromycin
208
248
Clarithromycin
3
89
482
Erythromycin
3
126
295
Josamycin
–
11
21
Roxithromycin
–
73
239
Spiramycin
–
39
50
A chemical analysis methodology, based on solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass
spectrometry, was developed in order to detect 34 molecules of different antibiotics (Oberlé et al. 2012 )
Table 1 Major sources of contamination of the Seine
estuary by antibiotics: the tributary (Robec) contaminated
by effl uent of a hospital (1,250-bed capacity) which fl ows
at Kp 242 (urban zone of Rouen) and the two most important WWTPs located in the urban zone, Rouen (Kp 247;
treatment capacity, 550,000 inhabitants) and Elbeuf (Kp
220; treatment capacity, 100,000 inhabitants) (GarciaArmisen et al. 2005 ; Touron et al. 2007 )
F. Petit et al.