in marine versus freshwater organisms,
263,271, 272t, 273t, 275f, 279
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
251
Sauger,212
Scallops, 188t
Scenedesmus quadricauda, 24t
Scomber scombus, 188t
Scophthalmus maximus, 169, 188t, 288
Scorpionfish, 143
Sea dace, 152
Seals
freshwater, 284
harbor, 33t, 35
Seasonality
benthic invertebrates and, 109-126; see
also Benthic invertebrates
food limitations and, 95, 105
irradiance and, 59, 60-64, 65f, 66
Sea urchins, 284-285, 288
Sebastes, 188t
Sebastes flavidus, see Yellowtail rockfish
Sediment, 209, 215-216
Semipermeable membrane devices, 211212
Senecella calanoides, 268
Serratia rubidaea, 239t
Shad, 136
American, 150
gizzard, 134, 143
Sharks, 285
Shelf zone, 117-123
Shellfish, 271-272, 276
Short-chain fatty acids, 251-252
Shrimp, 274; see also Artemia; Mysis
relicta; Penaeus kerathurus
Sida crystallina, 80
Silica, 110
Silicon, 45, 53
Silver hake, 265
Simocephalus vetulus, 29, 280-281t
Siskiwit Lake, 208
Skate, 188t
Skeletomema costatum, 178t
Slope zone, 110-116
Small mouth bass, 135, 152
Smelt, 123, 282
sand, 134-136
Soldier flies, 119
Sole, 188t
So/ea so/ea, 188t
Spawning
energy allocation strategies and, 140
fatty acids and, 284
Index
317
in food webs/chains, 168-169, 174,
187, 189
overwinter starvation and, 136-138
temperature effects on, 149
see also Reproduction
Sphaerocystis schroeteri, 102t
Sphingolipids, 165
Spirulina, 26
Spleen, 150
Sponges, 284, 287t, 288
Sprat, 188t
Spratus spratus, 188t
Spring
benthic invertebrates and, 110-113,
117, 119-121
food limitations and, 95
Squalus acanthias, 188t
Squid,285
Sri Lanka, 268
Stagnant boundary layer model, 237-238,
254
Starfish, 282
Starvation
in benthic invertebrates, 121
in fish, 132-138, 143, 152, 193
in food webs/chains, 174, 181-182, 193
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
265-266
overwinter, 132-138
in zooplankton, 75-79, 181-182
see also Feeding deterrents; Food
limitations
Stearic acid, 277
Sterol esters, 23, 250, 268, 270
Sterols
in aquatic samples, 4, 5f, 12
in benthic invertebrates, 117-118
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
267-271
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
249-251
in zooplankton, 91
Stizostedion vitreum, see Walleye
Stoneroller minnows, see Fundulus
heteroclitus
Stony Lake, 114f
Storage
of aquatic samples, 7-8
luxury, 66-67
Storage lipids, 91, 106
contaminants and, 210
ratio of membrane lipids to, 78
visible, 79-80
Stress, see Environmental stress
263,271, 272t, 273t, 275f, 279
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
251
Sauger,212
Scallops, 188t
Scenedesmus quadricauda, 24t
Scomber scombus, 188t
Scophthalmus maximus, 169, 188t, 288
Scorpionfish, 143
Sea dace, 152
Seals
freshwater, 284
harbor, 33t, 35
Seasonality
benthic invertebrates and, 109-126; see
also Benthic invertebrates
food limitations and, 95, 105
irradiance and, 59, 60-64, 65f, 66
Sea urchins, 284-285, 288
Sebastes, 188t
Sebastes flavidus, see Yellowtail rockfish
Sediment, 209, 215-216
Semipermeable membrane devices, 211212
Senecella calanoides, 268
Serratia rubidaea, 239t
Shad, 136
American, 150
gizzard, 134, 143
Sharks, 285
Shelf zone, 117-123
Shellfish, 271-272, 276
Short-chain fatty acids, 251-252
Shrimp, 274; see also Artemia; Mysis
relicta; Penaeus kerathurus
Sida crystallina, 80
Silica, 110
Silicon, 45, 53
Silver hake, 265
Simocephalus vetulus, 29, 280-281t
Siskiwit Lake, 208
Skate, 188t
Skeletomema costatum, 178t
Slope zone, 110-116
Small mouth bass, 135, 152
Smelt, 123, 282
sand, 134-136
Soldier flies, 119
Sole, 188t
So/ea so/ea, 188t
Spawning
energy allocation strategies and, 140
fatty acids and, 284
Index
317
in food webs/chains, 168-169, 174,
187, 189
overwinter starvation and, 136-138
temperature effects on, 149
see also Reproduction
Sphaerocystis schroeteri, 102t
Sphingolipids, 165
Spirulina, 26
Spleen, 150
Sponges, 284, 287t, 288
Sprat, 188t
Spratus spratus, 188t
Spring
benthic invertebrates and, 110-113,
117, 119-121
food limitations and, 95
Squalus acanthias, 188t
Squid,285
Sri Lanka, 268
Stagnant boundary layer model, 237-238,
254
Starfish, 282
Starvation
in benthic invertebrates, 121
in fish, 132-138, 143, 152, 193
in food webs/chains, 174, 181-182, 193
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
265-266
overwinter, 132-138
in zooplankton, 75-79, 181-182
see also Feeding deterrents; Food
limitations
Stearic acid, 277
Sterol esters, 23, 250, 268, 270
Sterols
in aquatic samples, 4, 5f, 12
in benthic invertebrates, 117-118
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
267-271
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
249-251
in zooplankton, 91
Stizostedion vitreum, see Walleye
Stoneroller minnows, see Fundulus
heteroclitus
Stony Lake, 114f
Storage
of aquatic samples, 7-8
luxury, 66-67
Storage lipids, 91, 106
contaminants and, 210
ratio of membrane lipids to, 78
visible, 79-80
Stress, see Environmental stress