310
Index
Fatty acids (continued)
transport and metabolism of, 177194
free, see Free fatty acids
irradiance and, 55-56
long-chain, 81, 251-252
monoenoic, 272t, 273t, 280-281 t
monoethylenic, 274, 277
monounsaturated, see Monounsaturated
fatty acids
nomenclature for, 22
phospholipid, 30
polyenoic, 272t, 273t
polyunsaturated, see Polyunsaturated
fatty acids
saturated, see Saturated fatty acids
short-chain, 251-252
as trophic markers, 21-37
from allochthonous sources, 31-32
characteristics of, 22-23
research needs in, 36
in vertebrates, 32-36
very-long chain, 26
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
247-248,251-252
in zooplankton, 28, 31, 33t, 83-85,
181-186, 271, 277
composition of, 80-81
Fatty alcohols, 249-250, 267-268, 277
Fecundity, 99, 139, 151
Feeding deterrents, 84-85: see also Food
limitations; Starvation
Fish, 81,132-153
contaminants and, 147-149, 151-152,
207,214-215,223,225
early life history of, 132, 142-146
energy allocation strategies in, 132,
138-142
environmental stress and, 132, 136137, 146-153
essential fatty acids in, 72, 188t, 189193
ether lipids in, 286
fatty acids in, 147-149, 152, 189-193,
267-268,271-284
in food webs/chains, 148, 161, 168170, 175-176, 186-194, 196-197,
198
lipids of, 186-189
marine, see Marine fish
reproduction in, 132-133,137,139146,148,150-151,215
starvation in, 132-138, 143, 152, 193
Flagellates, 23
Flatfish, 143
Flounder, 284
winter, 140, 142-143
Foam, 236, 252-255
basic structure of, 240-242
lipids in, 247 -252
research needs in, 252-254
Follicular atresia, 143
Food chains, see Food webs/chains
Food limitations, 79-80, 91-106
dietary supplement experiments in, 9597
with natural populations, 98-10 I
essential fatty acid hypothesis of, 94,
99
in Lake Lacawac, 95, 96t, 97, 99,
lOOt
in Lake Waynewood, 94-95, 96t, 99104, 105
protein hypothesis of, 94, 99
total food hypothesis of, 93, 99
total lipid hypothesis of, 94, 99, 104
see also Feeding deterrents; Starvation
Food webs/chains, 82, 161-198
biomagnification and, 220-221, 224
contaminants and, 148
important lipids and fatty acids in, 162165
methodological considerations in studies,165-167
physiological requirements of animals,
167-173
relevance of research, 194-196
relevance of transfer to bioaccumulation,215-220
transport and metabolism of fatty acids
in, 177-194
Fragilaria crotonensis, 102t
Free fatty acids
in algae, 23
in aquatic samples, 7-8, 12
in fish. 147
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
265-266, 270
peak splitting in, 12
structure of, 2641'
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
249-250
in zooplankton, 94, 96
Freshwater catfish, 147-149, 215
Freshwater seal, 284
Fugacity model, 216-219, 221-224
Fundulus heteroclitus, 31, 33t
Furan, 284
Index
Fatty acids (continued)
transport and metabolism of, 177194
free, see Free fatty acids
irradiance and, 55-56
long-chain, 81, 251-252
monoenoic, 272t, 273t, 280-281 t
monoethylenic, 274, 277
monounsaturated, see Monounsaturated
fatty acids
nomenclature for, 22
phospholipid, 30
polyenoic, 272t, 273t
polyunsaturated, see Polyunsaturated
fatty acids
saturated, see Saturated fatty acids
short-chain, 251-252
as trophic markers, 21-37
from allochthonous sources, 31-32
characteristics of, 22-23
research needs in, 36
in vertebrates, 32-36
very-long chain, 26
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
247-248,251-252
in zooplankton, 28, 31, 33t, 83-85,
181-186, 271, 277
composition of, 80-81
Fatty alcohols, 249-250, 267-268, 277
Fecundity, 99, 139, 151
Feeding deterrents, 84-85: see also Food
limitations; Starvation
Fish, 81,132-153
contaminants and, 147-149, 151-152,
207,214-215,223,225
early life history of, 132, 142-146
energy allocation strategies in, 132,
138-142
environmental stress and, 132, 136137, 146-153
essential fatty acids in, 72, 188t, 189193
ether lipids in, 286
fatty acids in, 147-149, 152, 189-193,
267-268,271-284
in food webs/chains, 148, 161, 168170, 175-176, 186-194, 196-197,
198
lipids of, 186-189
marine, see Marine fish
reproduction in, 132-133,137,139146,148,150-151,215
starvation in, 132-138, 143, 152, 193
Flagellates, 23
Flatfish, 143
Flounder, 284
winter, 140, 142-143
Foam, 236, 252-255
basic structure of, 240-242
lipids in, 247 -252
research needs in, 252-254
Follicular atresia, 143
Food chains, see Food webs/chains
Food limitations, 79-80, 91-106
dietary supplement experiments in, 9597
with natural populations, 98-10 I
essential fatty acid hypothesis of, 94,
99
in Lake Lacawac, 95, 96t, 97, 99,
lOOt
in Lake Waynewood, 94-95, 96t, 99104, 105
protein hypothesis of, 94, 99
total food hypothesis of, 93, 99
total lipid hypothesis of, 94, 99, 104
see also Feeding deterrents; Starvation
Food webs/chains, 82, 161-198
biomagnification and, 220-221, 224
contaminants and, 148
important lipids and fatty acids in, 162165
methodological considerations in studies,165-167
physiological requirements of animals,
167-173
relevance of research, 194-196
relevance of transfer to bioaccumulation,215-220
transport and metabolism of fatty acids
in, 177-194
Fragilaria crotonensis, 102t
Free fatty acids
in algae, 23
in aquatic samples, 7-8, 12
in fish. 147
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
265-266, 270
peak splitting in, 12
structure of, 2641'
in water-surface microlayers and foam,
249-250
in zooplankton, 94, 96
Freshwater catfish, 147-149, 215
Freshwater seal, 284
Fugacity model, 216-219, 221-224
Fundulus heteroclitus, 31, 33t
Furan, 284