in marine versus freshwater organisms,
263,271,277
in zooplankton, 182-186
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), 5f, 184
Dolphins, 33t, 35
Dorosoma cepedianum, see Gizzard shad
Dreissena polymorpha, 116t; see also
Zebra mussels
Duckabush River, 248
Dwarf surfperch, 140-141
Eelgrass, 248
Eels, 273t
Eggs
benthic invertebrate, 113, 119, 125
bird, 225
clutch size, 79, 97-99, 104
diapause in, 84
fish, 140, 143-146, 149-151
in food webs/chains, 168-169, 175176
of marine versus freshwater organisms,
269
starvation and, 78-79
zooplankton, 78-79, 84, 93
Egg yolk, 91,140,142,149,169,279
Eicosanoids, 282, 288
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
in algae and cyanobacteria, 26
in aquatic samples, 5f
in fish, 189-193, 194f
in food webs/chains, 163-164, 189193, 194f, 196
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
263
in zooplankton, 83, 91
Electrostatic interactions, 238
Endosulfan, 147
Energy allocation strategies, 132, 138142
Energy reserves, 71
in benthic invertebrates, 109-110, 118,
124
estimates of areal, 72-73
in fish, 133-146, 150
time course of depositionlloss in, 73-77
Environmental stress
fish and, 132, 136-137, 146-153
zooplankton and, 72, 75, 78-80
Epeorus sylvicola, 1 19
Epischura baikalensis, 82
Ergocalciferol, 94
Esox lucius, 149-150, 280-281t, 283t
Index
309
Essential fatty acid (EFA) hypothesis, 94,
99
Essential fatty acids (EFA)
in algae, 72, 177-179
in fish, 72, 188t, 189-193
in food webs/chains, 161-164, 181186, 188t, 189-193
evaluation of ecological effects, 196198
general evaluation of requirements,
168-173
methods for evaluation of requirements, 173-175
symptoms of deficiency, 175-177,
195-198
in zooplankton, 72, 81, 83, 85-86, 91,
94-96,99,102-105,181-186
Estradiol, 225
Ethanolamine, 165
Ethanol:diethyl ether lipid solvent system,
58
Ether lipids, 285-288
Eudorina elegans, 102t
Euglena gracilis, 26
Eunapius fragilis, 287t, 288
Euphausia superba, 266
European oyster, 272t
Eurycercus lamellatus, 29, 280-281t
Euthynnus pelamis, 287t
Eyes/vision, 81,169,176,263
Fall, 95
Fathead minnows, 213
Fatty acids
in algae
composition of, 23-26, 76, 78
as trophic marker, 27-29, 33t, 34t
in aquatic samples, 5-7,13-16
in bacteria, 282
composition of, 29-30
as trophic marker, 28t, 30-31, 33t,
34t
in benthic invertebrates, 119-120, 123124
in cyanobacteria
composition of, 23-26
as trophic marker, 27-29, 33t, 34t
essential, see Essential fatty acids
in fish
composition of, 189-193
contaminants and, 147-149, 152
marine versus freshwater, 267-268,
271-284
in food websJchains, 162-165
263,271,277
in zooplankton, 182-186
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), 5f, 184
Dolphins, 33t, 35
Dorosoma cepedianum, see Gizzard shad
Dreissena polymorpha, 116t; see also
Zebra mussels
Duckabush River, 248
Dwarf surfperch, 140-141
Eelgrass, 248
Eels, 273t
Eggs
benthic invertebrate, 113, 119, 125
bird, 225
clutch size, 79, 97-99, 104
diapause in, 84
fish, 140, 143-146, 149-151
in food webs/chains, 168-169, 175176
of marine versus freshwater organisms,
269
starvation and, 78-79
zooplankton, 78-79, 84, 93
Egg yolk, 91,140,142,149,169,279
Eicosanoids, 282, 288
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
in algae and cyanobacteria, 26
in aquatic samples, 5f
in fish, 189-193, 194f
in food webs/chains, 163-164, 189193, 194f, 196
in marine versus freshwater organisms,
263
in zooplankton, 83, 91
Electrostatic interactions, 238
Endosulfan, 147
Energy allocation strategies, 132, 138142
Energy reserves, 71
in benthic invertebrates, 109-110, 118,
124
estimates of areal, 72-73
in fish, 133-146, 150
time course of depositionlloss in, 73-77
Environmental stress
fish and, 132, 136-137, 146-153
zooplankton and, 72, 75, 78-80
Epeorus sylvicola, 1 19
Epischura baikalensis, 82
Ergocalciferol, 94
Esox lucius, 149-150, 280-281t, 283t
Index
309
Essential fatty acid (EFA) hypothesis, 94,
99
Essential fatty acids (EFA)
in algae, 72, 177-179
in fish, 72, 188t, 189-193
in food webs/chains, 161-164, 181186, 188t, 189-193
evaluation of ecological effects, 196198
general evaluation of requirements,
168-173
methods for evaluation of requirements, 173-175
symptoms of deficiency, 175-177,
195-198
in zooplankton, 72, 81, 83, 85-86, 91,
94-96,99,102-105,181-186
Estradiol, 225
Ethanolamine, 165
Ethanol:diethyl ether lipid solvent system,
58
Ether lipids, 285-288
Eudorina elegans, 102t
Euglena gracilis, 26
Eunapius fragilis, 287t, 288
Euphausia superba, 266
European oyster, 272t
Eurycercus lamellatus, 29, 280-281t
Euthynnus pelamis, 287t
Eyes/vision, 81,169,176,263
Fall, 95
Fathead minnows, 213
Fatty acids
in algae
composition of, 23-26, 76, 78
as trophic marker, 27-29, 33t, 34t
in aquatic samples, 5-7,13-16
in bacteria, 282
composition of, 29-30
as trophic marker, 28t, 30-31, 33t,
34t
in benthic invertebrates, 119-120, 123124
in cyanobacteria
composition of, 23-26
as trophic marker, 27-29, 33t, 34t
essential, see Essential fatty acids
in fish
composition of, 189-193
contaminants and, 147-149, 152
marine versus freshwater, 267-268,
271-284
in food websJchains, 162-165