310
Index
Ecology (continued)
ecological realism; Variable,
selection
Economics, 63, 64, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82,
122, 129, 139, 141, 169, 303; see
also Trade
cost of management, 60, 62, 63, 80,
138, 139, 148, 158, 163, 241, 259,
298, 299, 304; see also Data, collection, cost; Management, priorities, commercial factors
minimizing, 149, 291, 293
fisheries, 59–74, 77, 100, 101, 107,
109–111, 117, 118, 121, 122, 148,
158
Ecosystem, see also Alpine ecosystem;
Aquatic ecosystem; Equilibrium;
Forest; Wilderness
complexity, modeling, 35, 36, 72, 93,
112, 113, 115, 118–124, 127, 137,
144, 152, 164, 172, 175, 182, 241,
242, 267, 300, 303; see also
Model, ecological realism
species composition, 8, 14, 30, 77, 118,
120, 122, 141, 291, 292, 293, 295,
296
stable, 15, 137, 138, 148, 149, 152,
174, 179, 180, 217
Elasticity analysis, 154 –165
Elevation, modeling, 40, 43, 192
Endangered, see Conservation status
Endangered Species Act (USA), 27, 102,
127, 148, 169, 170, 173, 244, 245
Equilibrium
ecological, 118, 119, 122, 149, 156
model, 111, 112, 113, 119, 149
attraction point, 135, 136
population, 1–3, 10, 12, 15, 112, 130–
131, 135, 139, 141, 155, 159–162,
177, 179, 191, 209, 215, 217, 263,
264, 274 –288; see also Age structure, stable
Error, see Data, limitations; Model, validation, Robustness trials; Sample,
bias; Uncertainty
Establishment, species, 54, 60, 73, 77, 79,
81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 91, 171
Evolution, 32, 42, 215, 240, 241, 244, 260
adaptive potential, 227–245, 259–260,
265–267, 274
coevolution, 231
Evolutionary Significant Units, 243,
245
Exotic species, see Impact, introduction of
exotic species
Experiment, 63, 64, 69, 73, 122, 123, 180,
196, 229, 231, 233, 234, 259–269,
279
control, 10, 135, 193, 260, 261, 263,
265, 296
replication, 1, 10, 44, 97, 123, 260,
263, 268, 269
Expert judgement, 21, 23, 40, 44, 48, 49,
62, 102, 104, 158, 183; see also
Variable, selection
IWC Scientific Committee, 109–124
Exponential distribution, 2, 4, 101, 133,
148, 152, 204, 275, 276, 296,
298
Extent of occurrence, 23, 40, 42, 301
Extinction, 1, 23, 169, 179, 182, 200, 201,
204, 208, 211–215; see also Extirpation; Impact; Management, priorities; Model, extinction Risk;
Mortality; Population, decline;
PVA; Risk analysis
causes, 6, 8, 21, 30, 34, 36, 60, 122,
162, 163, 179, 191, 205, 209, 259,
262, 267, 282; see also Extinction,
proneness; Impact
catastrophes, 178–183, 209, 229,
246, 267, 299
correlates of extinction risk, 27–37
genetic, 228, 262, 267, 274 –288
habitat, 1, 24, 37, 128, 226
presumed extinct, 1, 25, 26
proneness, 27–37, 54, 127, 128, 136,
163, 174, 176, 230, 231, 245, 262,
267; see also Population, size, exinction risk; Vulnerability
body mass, 31–36, 158–164
herbivores, 32, 36
level of endemism, 31, 32, 33, 35,
36
reproductive potential, 115, 119, 122,
154, 162, 173, 228, 245
terrestrial species, 30, 31, 32, 36
trophic level, 31, 35
quasi-extinction, 27, 31, 133, 136, 175,
179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 201, 214,
216, 236
quasi-stationarity, 200, 204 –225
time to extinction, 1–6, 7, 13, 19, 136,
138, 139, 148, 169, 177, 185, 200–
218, 274, 283
vortex, 175, 179, 274 –288
Index
Ecology (continued)
ecological realism; Variable,
selection
Economics, 63, 64, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82,
122, 129, 139, 141, 169, 303; see
also Trade
cost of management, 60, 62, 63, 80,
138, 139, 148, 158, 163, 241, 259,
298, 299, 304; see also Data, collection, cost; Management, priorities, commercial factors
minimizing, 149, 291, 293
fisheries, 59–74, 77, 100, 101, 107,
109–111, 117, 118, 121, 122, 148,
158
Ecosystem, see also Alpine ecosystem;
Aquatic ecosystem; Equilibrium;
Forest; Wilderness
complexity, modeling, 35, 36, 72, 93,
112, 113, 115, 118–124, 127, 137,
144, 152, 164, 172, 175, 182, 241,
242, 267, 300, 303; see also
Model, ecological realism
species composition, 8, 14, 30, 77, 118,
120, 122, 141, 291, 292, 293, 295,
296
stable, 15, 137, 138, 148, 149, 152,
174, 179, 180, 217
Elasticity analysis, 154 –165
Elevation, modeling, 40, 43, 192
Endangered, see Conservation status
Endangered Species Act (USA), 27, 102,
127, 148, 169, 170, 173, 244, 245
Equilibrium
ecological, 118, 119, 122, 149, 156
model, 111, 112, 113, 119, 149
attraction point, 135, 136
population, 1–3, 10, 12, 15, 112, 130–
131, 135, 139, 141, 155, 159–162,
177, 179, 191, 209, 215, 217, 263,
264, 274 –288; see also Age structure, stable
Error, see Data, limitations; Model, validation, Robustness trials; Sample,
bias; Uncertainty
Establishment, species, 54, 60, 73, 77, 79,
81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 91, 171
Evolution, 32, 42, 215, 240, 241, 244, 260
adaptive potential, 227–245, 259–260,
265–267, 274
coevolution, 231
Evolutionary Significant Units, 243,
245
Exotic species, see Impact, introduction of
exotic species
Experiment, 63, 64, 69, 73, 122, 123, 180,
196, 229, 231, 233, 234, 259–269,
279
control, 10, 135, 193, 260, 261, 263,
265, 296
replication, 1, 10, 44, 97, 123, 260,
263, 268, 269
Expert judgement, 21, 23, 40, 44, 48, 49,
62, 102, 104, 158, 183; see also
Variable, selection
IWC Scientific Committee, 109–124
Exponential distribution, 2, 4, 101, 133,
148, 152, 204, 275, 276, 296,
298
Extent of occurrence, 23, 40, 42, 301
Extinction, 1, 23, 169, 179, 182, 200, 201,
204, 208, 211–215; see also Extirpation; Impact; Management, priorities; Model, extinction Risk;
Mortality; Population, decline;
PVA; Risk analysis
causes, 6, 8, 21, 30, 34, 36, 60, 122,
162, 163, 179, 191, 205, 209, 259,
262, 267, 282; see also Extinction,
proneness; Impact
catastrophes, 178–183, 209, 229,
246, 267, 299
correlates of extinction risk, 27–37
genetic, 228, 262, 267, 274 –288
habitat, 1, 24, 37, 128, 226
presumed extinct, 1, 25, 26
proneness, 27–37, 54, 127, 128, 136,
163, 174, 176, 230, 231, 245, 262,
267; see also Population, size, exinction risk; Vulnerability
body mass, 31–36, 158–164
herbivores, 32, 36
level of endemism, 31, 32, 33, 35,
36
reproductive potential, 115, 119, 122,
154, 162, 173, 228, 245
terrestrial species, 30, 31, 32, 36
trophic level, 31, 35
quasi-extinction, 27, 31, 133, 136, 175,
179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 201, 214,
216, 236
quasi-stationarity, 200, 204 –225
time to extinction, 1–6, 7, 13, 19, 136,
138, 139, 148, 169, 177, 185, 200–
218, 274, 283
vortex, 175, 179, 274 –288