334
J. van der Meer et al.
by birds. In: Hooghart JC, Posthumus WS (eds) Hydroecological relations in the delta
waters of the south-west Netherlands. Lakerveld, The Hague
Meire PM, Schekkerman H, Meininger PL (1994) Consumption of benthic invertebrates
by waterbirds in the Oosterschelde estuary, SW Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 282/
283:525-546
Meltofte H, Blew J, Frikke J, Roesner HU, Smit CJ (1994) Numbers and distribution of
waterbirds in the Wadden Sea. CWSS/IWRB/WSG, Wilhelmshaven
Mercier F, McNeil R (1994) Seasonal variations in intertidal density of invertebrate prey
in a tropical lagoon and effects of shorebird predation. Can J Zool72:1755-1763
Moreira F (1997) The importance of shorebirds to energy fluxes in a foodweb of a south
European estuary. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 44:67-78
Piersma T (1987) Production by intertidal benthic animals and limits to their predation
by shorebirds: a heuristic model. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 38:187-196
Piersma T, Beukema JJ (1993) Foodwebs in intertidal ecosystems: trophic interactions
between shorebirds and their invertebrate prey. Neth J Sea Res 31:299-300
Piersma T, Hoekstra R, Dekinga A, Koolhaas A, Wolf P, Battley P, Wiersma P (1993) Scale
and intensity of intertidal habitat use by knots Calidris canutus in the western
Wadden Sea in relation to food, friends and foes. Neth J Sea Res 31:331-337
Piersma T, Van Gils J, De Goeij P, Van der Meer J (1995) Holling's functional response
model as a tool to link the food-finding mechanism of a probing shorebird with its
spatial distribution. J Anim EcoI64:493-504
Quammen ML (1981) Use of exclosures in studies of predation by shorebirds on intertidal mudflats. Auk 98:812-817
Quammen ML (1984) Predation by shorebirds, fish, and crabs on invertebrates in intertidal mudflats: an experimental test. Ecology 65:529-537
Raffaelli D, Hawkins S (1996) Intertidal ecology. Chapman and Hall, London
Raffaelli D, Milne H (1987) An experimental investigation of the effects of shorebird and
flatfish predation on estuarine invertebrates. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 24: 1-l3
Raffaelli D, Moller H (2000) Manipulative field experiments in animal ecology: do they
promise more than they can deliver? Adv Ecol Res 30:299-338
Reise K (1978) Experiments on epibenthic predation in the Wadden Sea. Helgolander
Wiss Meeresunters 31:55-101
Sewell MA (1996) Detection of the impact of predation by migratory shorebirds: an
experimental test in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia (Canada). Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 144:23-40
Smit C (1981) Production of biomass by invertebrates and consumption by birds in the
Dutch Wadden Sea area. In: Wolff WJ (ed) Ecology of the Wadden Sea. Balkema,
Rotterdam
Stuart JJ, Meininger PL, Meire PM (1989) Watervogels van de Westerschelde. WWE 14.
Univ Gent, Gent
Summers RW (1977) Distribution, abundance and energy relationships of waders (Aves:
Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon. Trans R Soc S Afr 42:483-494
Szekely T, Bamberger Z (1992) Predation of waders (Charadrii) on prey populations: an
exclosure experiment. J Anim Eco161:447 -456
Van der Meer J, Duin RNM, Meininger PL (1996) Statistical analysis of long-term
monthly oystercatcher counts. Ardea 84A:39-56
Velasquez CR, Kaletja B, Hockey PAR (1991) Seasonal abundance, habitat selection and
energy consumption of waterbirds at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. Ostrich
62:109-123
Vermeij GJ (1987) Evolution and escalation. An ecological history oflife. Princeton Univ
Press, Princeton
J. van der Meer et al.
by birds. In: Hooghart JC, Posthumus WS (eds) Hydroecological relations in the delta
waters of the south-west Netherlands. Lakerveld, The Hague
Meire PM, Schekkerman H, Meininger PL (1994) Consumption of benthic invertebrates
by waterbirds in the Oosterschelde estuary, SW Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 282/
283:525-546
Meltofte H, Blew J, Frikke J, Roesner HU, Smit CJ (1994) Numbers and distribution of
waterbirds in the Wadden Sea. CWSS/IWRB/WSG, Wilhelmshaven
Mercier F, McNeil R (1994) Seasonal variations in intertidal density of invertebrate prey
in a tropical lagoon and effects of shorebird predation. Can J Zool72:1755-1763
Moreira F (1997) The importance of shorebirds to energy fluxes in a foodweb of a south
European estuary. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 44:67-78
Piersma T (1987) Production by intertidal benthic animals and limits to their predation
by shorebirds: a heuristic model. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 38:187-196
Piersma T, Beukema JJ (1993) Foodwebs in intertidal ecosystems: trophic interactions
between shorebirds and their invertebrate prey. Neth J Sea Res 31:299-300
Piersma T, Hoekstra R, Dekinga A, Koolhaas A, Wolf P, Battley P, Wiersma P (1993) Scale
and intensity of intertidal habitat use by knots Calidris canutus in the western
Wadden Sea in relation to food, friends and foes. Neth J Sea Res 31:331-337
Piersma T, Van Gils J, De Goeij P, Van der Meer J (1995) Holling's functional response
model as a tool to link the food-finding mechanism of a probing shorebird with its
spatial distribution. J Anim EcoI64:493-504
Quammen ML (1981) Use of exclosures in studies of predation by shorebirds on intertidal mudflats. Auk 98:812-817
Quammen ML (1984) Predation by shorebirds, fish, and crabs on invertebrates in intertidal mudflats: an experimental test. Ecology 65:529-537
Raffaelli D, Hawkins S (1996) Intertidal ecology. Chapman and Hall, London
Raffaelli D, Milne H (1987) An experimental investigation of the effects of shorebird and
flatfish predation on estuarine invertebrates. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 24: 1-l3
Raffaelli D, Moller H (2000) Manipulative field experiments in animal ecology: do they
promise more than they can deliver? Adv Ecol Res 30:299-338
Reise K (1978) Experiments on epibenthic predation in the Wadden Sea. Helgolander
Wiss Meeresunters 31:55-101
Sewell MA (1996) Detection of the impact of predation by migratory shorebirds: an
experimental test in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia (Canada). Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 144:23-40
Smit C (1981) Production of biomass by invertebrates and consumption by birds in the
Dutch Wadden Sea area. In: Wolff WJ (ed) Ecology of the Wadden Sea. Balkema,
Rotterdam
Stuart JJ, Meininger PL, Meire PM (1989) Watervogels van de Westerschelde. WWE 14.
Univ Gent, Gent
Summers RW (1977) Distribution, abundance and energy relationships of waders (Aves:
Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon. Trans R Soc S Afr 42:483-494
Szekely T, Bamberger Z (1992) Predation of waders (Charadrii) on prey populations: an
exclosure experiment. J Anim Eco161:447 -456
Van der Meer J, Duin RNM, Meininger PL (1996) Statistical analysis of long-term
monthly oystercatcher counts. Ardea 84A:39-56
Velasquez CR, Kaletja B, Hockey PAR (1991) Seasonal abundance, habitat selection and
energy consumption of waterbirds at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. Ostrich
62:109-123
Vermeij GJ (1987) Evolution and escalation. An ecological history oflife. Princeton Univ
Press, Princeton