at sill-contact 702, 13.31 b
secondary 152,633,13.22
porosity-depth curves (also s. compaction) 13.3, 13.4
analytical equations 653, 13.5
calculation of burial depth
654
in various sediment types
650-653, 13.4
post-rift sediments s. rift basins,
continental margins
Precambrian sediments 287-290
banded ironstones 289
carbonates, dolomites 287
chert, evaporites 288, 290
paleosols 287
stromatolites, phosphorites 288
placer deposits 284
red beds 289
preservation of organic matter
469-471, JO.8
benthic degradation loss 472,
10.6
clastic dilution 473,10.7, 10.8
in anoxic environments 10.710.JO
in model basins 474, JO.9
preservation factor 474,10.10
pressure solution 672-673, 13.11 c
dissolution seams, stylolites 673
production of organic matter (s. also
organic matter, preservation)
463-469, 10.5
carbon fluxes 468,471, JO.5ae,
JO.6
export, new production 467,
JO.5bde, TlO.2
high-fertility belts in the
oceans 467,469, 10.11, TlO.2
paleofertility 476
plankton blooms 467
primary production 464,466-467,
10.5b, Tl 0.1
standing crop and annual productivity 464
pull-apart basins (s. also Guaymas
basin) 7, 630-633,1.4,12.42
asymmetric basin fill 12.43
slip rates, subsidence 630-632,
12. 42de
volcanism 632
pure shear (also s. rift basins)
12.1a
pycnocline 184, 5.1 d
Pyrenean foreland basins (s. also
Ebro basin) 620,621, 13.37
pyroclastic flows, surges 65,
2.24b, 2.25a
Qinghai lake, China, s. lake
radiolarites s. siliceous sediments
rebound by unloading 496-497, 11.8
recycling ofsediments 11.33
regional s. foreland basins
global 422,538-540, 11.33
red beds 254-258, 6.3
depositional environments 257,
6.3
fluvial 47
primary red beds, lateritic
soils 255
red carbonates, sandstones 257
red deep-sea clay 194, 257
red pigment 254
secondary red beds 257,679,
6.3
Red Sea 168, 177-180, 4.2b, 4.6
evaporites, Miocene 177, 271,
6.17
lithified layers 180
rifting 549
sediments 177-180,4.6
tectonic evolution 177
redox cycles, b1ack shale-carbonate
363,7.42bc
reefs (also s. carbonate buildups,
carbonate sediments) 13 8-147
atolls 141,3.25e
bioherms and biostromes 140,
3.25a
growth, growth rates 143-147,
3.28,3.29
reeflimestones 142, 3. 26b-d
reef-builders 136-137
types (banks, fringing reefs,
knolls, mounds, etc.) 138-143,
3.25,3.26
relic basins 640, 12.45b
rernnant basins 606-610, 1.3a
12,31ab,12.32
flysch 606-610,12.38
reservoir rocks 681-683, 13.21
retroarc, retro-fore land basins
(s. also foreland basins)
6,599-602,610-621, 1.2b
Rhine graben 551, 12.5
sediments 12.5e
subsidence 404, 8.12b
structure, rifting 551, 12.5b
rhythmic bedding (also s. cyclic
sequences, event stratigraphy)
292,7.1
Ries impact crater, lake 89
rift basins 4-5, 1.1 b-e, 543
half graben basins, asymmetric
595,12.4
older examples 553
rift volcanism 547,549,551,
12.3b
sediments 547-549, 12. 3d, 12.4,
12.5c
transition to continental margin
basins 553-560, 12.7-12.9de
young examples 549-552
rift structures, zones (s. also
crustal extension)
graben shoulders 400-403,
8.8-8.11
inverted rift zone 553, 12.2e,
12.6
rift-drift stage 12.2f
segmented rifts, transfer zones
545, 12.2ad
updoming 545
rifting time 401,8.9
Rio Grande rift 551, 12.13cd
rip currents 96, 3.3a
ripples, dunes 31-32, 2.9
ripple drift 23, 32
Rotliegend 354, 7.34d
Ruhr district, Carboniferous
coal evolution 724-726,
14.13, 14.14
history of coalification
and degassing 725
Saar-Nahe basin, Germany 624,
12.39ab
Sahara 54
Salin basin, Burma 641
saline giants (also s. evaporites )
268-271
salinity crisis 268, 271, 6. ge
salt deposits in earth history
271
salt minerals s. evaporites
salt structures, diapirism 278283, 6.14-6.17
buoyancy halokinesis 279
depotroughs atop salt massifs
280, 6. 16cd
salt flow mechanism 279, 6.15
salt pillows, anticlines,
sheets 6.16, 6.17
San Andreas Fault system s. Great
Valley forearc basin
sand bars (also s. fluvial, coastal
and tidal sediments) 35,97,
2.10,3.3
sand dunes, inland types (s. also
eolian sands) 55-58, 2.22, 2.23
truncation of dunes 57, 2.22d
sand ridges, shelf 127, 3.20
sand seas 55
sand waves (s. also tidal sed.) 2.9
sandstone diagenesis s.diagenesis
Sao Francisco delta 155
saprolite (also s. soil) 417
Sardinia passive margin 567,
12.14ab
Sargasso Sea 467
789
sea-Ievel changes (s. also sequence
stratigraphy, cyclic sequences)
amplitudes 382, 7.48
causes 355-359, 382
eustasy 300
frequencies 359-361, 7.37
inflection point 7.3b
rates, relative change 301,
7.3c, T7.1
superposition of shorter and
longer oscillations 309, 7.9
secondary 152,633,13.22
porosity-depth curves (also s. compaction) 13.3, 13.4
analytical equations 653, 13.5
calculation of burial depth
654
in various sediment types
650-653, 13.4
post-rift sediments s. rift basins,
continental margins
Precambrian sediments 287-290
banded ironstones 289
carbonates, dolomites 287
chert, evaporites 288, 290
paleosols 287
stromatolites, phosphorites 288
placer deposits 284
red beds 289
preservation of organic matter
469-471, JO.8
benthic degradation loss 472,
10.6
clastic dilution 473,10.7, 10.8
in anoxic environments 10.710.JO
in model basins 474, JO.9
preservation factor 474,10.10
pressure solution 672-673, 13.11 c
dissolution seams, stylolites 673
production of organic matter (s. also
organic matter, preservation)
463-469, 10.5
carbon fluxes 468,471, JO.5ae,
JO.6
export, new production 467,
JO.5bde, TlO.2
high-fertility belts in the
oceans 467,469, 10.11, TlO.2
paleofertility 476
plankton blooms 467
primary production 464,466-467,
10.5b, Tl 0.1
standing crop and annual productivity 464
pull-apart basins (s. also Guaymas
basin) 7, 630-633,1.4,12.42
asymmetric basin fill 12.43
slip rates, subsidence 630-632,
12. 42de
volcanism 632
pure shear (also s. rift basins)
12.1a
pycnocline 184, 5.1 d
Pyrenean foreland basins (s. also
Ebro basin) 620,621, 13.37
pyroclastic flows, surges 65,
2.24b, 2.25a
Qinghai lake, China, s. lake
radiolarites s. siliceous sediments
rebound by unloading 496-497, 11.8
recycling ofsediments 11.33
regional s. foreland basins
global 422,538-540, 11.33
red beds 254-258, 6.3
depositional environments 257,
6.3
fluvial 47
primary red beds, lateritic
soils 255
red carbonates, sandstones 257
red deep-sea clay 194, 257
red pigment 254
secondary red beds 257,679,
6.3
Red Sea 168, 177-180, 4.2b, 4.6
evaporites, Miocene 177, 271,
6.17
lithified layers 180
rifting 549
sediments 177-180,4.6
tectonic evolution 177
redox cycles, b1ack shale-carbonate
363,7.42bc
reefs (also s. carbonate buildups,
carbonate sediments) 13 8-147
atolls 141,3.25e
bioherms and biostromes 140,
3.25a
growth, growth rates 143-147,
3.28,3.29
reeflimestones 142, 3. 26b-d
reef-builders 136-137
types (banks, fringing reefs,
knolls, mounds, etc.) 138-143,
3.25,3.26
relic basins 640, 12.45b
rernnant basins 606-610, 1.3a
12,31ab,12.32
flysch 606-610,12.38
reservoir rocks 681-683, 13.21
retroarc, retro-fore land basins
(s. also foreland basins)
6,599-602,610-621, 1.2b
Rhine graben 551, 12.5
sediments 12.5e
subsidence 404, 8.12b
structure, rifting 551, 12.5b
rhythmic bedding (also s. cyclic
sequences, event stratigraphy)
292,7.1
Ries impact crater, lake 89
rift basins 4-5, 1.1 b-e, 543
half graben basins, asymmetric
595,12.4
older examples 553
rift volcanism 547,549,551,
12.3b
sediments 547-549, 12. 3d, 12.4,
12.5c
transition to continental margin
basins 553-560, 12.7-12.9de
young examples 549-552
rift structures, zones (s. also
crustal extension)
graben shoulders 400-403,
8.8-8.11
inverted rift zone 553, 12.2e,
12.6
rift-drift stage 12.2f
segmented rifts, transfer zones
545, 12.2ad
updoming 545
rifting time 401,8.9
Rio Grande rift 551, 12.13cd
rip currents 96, 3.3a
ripples, dunes 31-32, 2.9
ripple drift 23, 32
Rotliegend 354, 7.34d
Ruhr district, Carboniferous
coal evolution 724-726,
14.13, 14.14
history of coalification
and degassing 725
Saar-Nahe basin, Germany 624,
12.39ab
Sahara 54
Salin basin, Burma 641
saline giants (also s. evaporites )
268-271
salinity crisis 268, 271, 6. ge
salt deposits in earth history
271
salt minerals s. evaporites
salt structures, diapirism 278283, 6.14-6.17
buoyancy halokinesis 279
depotroughs atop salt massifs
280, 6. 16cd
salt flow mechanism 279, 6.15
salt pillows, anticlines,
sheets 6.16, 6.17
San Andreas Fault system s. Great
Valley forearc basin
sand bars (also s. fluvial, coastal
and tidal sediments) 35,97,
2.10,3.3
sand dunes, inland types (s. also
eolian sands) 55-58, 2.22, 2.23
truncation of dunes 57, 2.22d
sand ridges, shelf 127, 3.20
sand seas 55
sand waves (s. also tidal sed.) 2.9
sandstone diagenesis s.diagenesis
Sao Francisco delta 155
saprolite (also s. soil) 417
Sardinia passive margin 567,
12.14ab
Sargasso Sea 467
789
sea-Ievel changes (s. also sequence
stratigraphy, cyclic sequences)
amplitudes 382, 7.48
causes 355-359, 382
eustasy 300
frequencies 359-361, 7.37
inflection point 7.3b
rates, relative change 301,
7.3c, T7.1
superposition of shorter and
longer oscillations 309, 7.9