788
mud turbidites 220-222, 5.17
types, composition 221
mud-dominated river systems 47
c1ayaggregates 47
mud vulcanoes 87
muddy shelves 528
Murzuk, Kufra basin 577
Nankai trench, Japan 581,
12.20a
nepheloid layer, plume 190
Newark supergroup 91
lacustrine cyc1es 346
Niger delta 155-157, 3.31e
c1ay minerals 423
hydrocarbons 715, 14.9
Nile delta 155
c1ay minerals 423
nodular limestones (s. also
diagenesis) 297
North African sag basins 577
North Anatolian fault 352,
12.40e
North Alpine foreland basin s.
Alpine
North Atlantic rift basins
553-558, 12.2de, 12.7,
12.8
general trends 558
rifting phases and sedim.
history 555-556, 12.8
North Carolina shelf 131
North Sea 114, 127
barrier-Iagoonal systems
525,11.29
mud flats 114
oil and gas 716, 14.11
subsidence 405, 8.13b
storm sands 102
tides 111, 3.4a
Viking graben, diagenesis
13.14
Norwegian fjords 446
Norwegian-Greenland Sea 172, 245,
4.3
c1imate change, cyclic sediments 224
ocean, ocean water
bottom, contour currents 187188, 235-238
conveyer belt 242-244, 5.27a
Corioli's forces 187,5.2be
density, salinity of sea water
183-184, 5.labd, 5.2a
density stratification 184
Eckman spiral 184, 5.2b
equatorial convergence, divergence
187, 5.1e, 5.2c
mass transport, nutrients 188
pycnoc1ine 184
sediment transport 188-189, 5.3a
temperature 183, 5.1 ae, 5.2 a
thermo-haline circulation 187,
5.1e
two-Iayer ocean 183
wind-driven circulation 187
upwelling, downwelling 187-188,
5.2ed
oceanic sag basins 6, 1.11
oceanic sediments s. deep-sea
sediments
oceanography, physical, s. oceans,
water circulation
oil and gas fields s. hydrocarbon
habitats
oil, generation, expulsion and
migration s. hydrocarbon
generation
oil shales s. hydrocarbon source
rocks
Okinawa trough 604
olistostromes, olistoliths (also s.
gravity mass flows) 216
Olympic Mountains, Washington
587, 12.22d
Ontong-Java plateau 567
oolitic ironstones 252-254, 6.2
chamosite 252
effects of sea-Ievel changes
253-254, 6.2e
in the Earth's history 254
minette ores, Lorraine 253
ooid formation 252, 6.2b
provenance of iron 252-253
reworking effects 253, 6.1
ore deposits, diagenetic 701-702
Mississippi Valley type 702
related to evaporites 287,
702
organic matter (also s. preservation,
production)
adsorbed onto minerals, organomineral aggregates 468
decomposition, mineralization
469-470, 10.6
definition, types 463
dissolved in sea water 468
preservation (also s. preservation)
469-476
terrestrial, to the ocean 466,
JO.5, TIO.I
Orinoco delta 155
overpressure s. pressure
fracturing of rocks 663
overthrust belts s. loreland basins
thrust sheet migration 612
oxygen in the earlyatmosphere
284,6.18
Pacific, southwestem, backarc
basins 602, 12.28-12.30
Pakistan, denudation 440
paleoceanography 238-248
atrnospheric CO2 exchange 5.25
carbon, oxygen isotopes fractionation 242, 5.26
biological, solution pump 240242,5.24ab
Cretaceous ocean 246
feedback systems 239
greenhouse gases 239
low sea-Ievel effects 244
oceanic gateways 245, 5.27b
post-Cretaceous cooling 247
paleosols 20, 416-420, 9.1-9.4
Panama strait 245
Pangea 355
Pannonian basin, Hungary 626,
12.41
Parmonian-type basins 8, 626-628,
1.3b
examples 628
Paradox Basin, USA, evaporite
cyc1es 264
Parami basin, S. America 575, 577
parasequences s. sequ. stratigr.
Paris Basin,
hydrocarbons 716, 14.10
subsidence 405, 8.13b
passive margin basins (also s.
continental margin) 6, 1.1 d
pebbly mudstone 216
perialpine lakes 488
periglacial features 22, 2.1 ag, 2.2
periodic and discyc1ic sequences s.
cyc1ic sequences, event strat.
peripheral bulge 392, 8.3b
peritidal carbonate cyc1es s.
cyc1ic sequences
permeability 681, 13.21
Permian reefcomplex, Texas 147
Permian cold water carbonates 137
Persian (also s. Arabian/Persian)
Gulf 169,180,4.7
Peru-Chile trench 583, 12.20b
petroleum generation s. hydrocarbon generation
phosphorites 201-205,210
phosphate precipitation 201-202,
5.7b,5.8
phosphorite formation through
time, giant phosphorites 205
secondary enrichment 202, 5.8,
5.9b-d
sources of phosphorus 201-202
Po delta, Italy 519, 11.25ab
polyphase basins 637-642
basin-type transitions 637,
12.45,12.47
examples 641-642
at convergent margins 640,
12.47
porcellanite 198
pore cements (also s. diagenesis)
695-697,13.20,13-27
overgrowth, meniscus cement
etc.13.27
pore water flow, refraction 663,
13. lOde
pore water pressure 663, 13.11
hydrostatic, lithostatic 633
overpressure, excess pressure,
subnormal 663
porosity 456,681,10.1, 13.21
mud turbidites 220-222, 5.17
types, composition 221
mud-dominated river systems 47
c1ayaggregates 47
mud vulcanoes 87
muddy shelves 528
Murzuk, Kufra basin 577
Nankai trench, Japan 581,
12.20a
nepheloid layer, plume 190
Newark supergroup 91
lacustrine cyc1es 346
Niger delta 155-157, 3.31e
c1ay minerals 423
hydrocarbons 715, 14.9
Nile delta 155
c1ay minerals 423
nodular limestones (s. also
diagenesis) 297
North African sag basins 577
North Anatolian fault 352,
12.40e
North Alpine foreland basin s.
Alpine
North Atlantic rift basins
553-558, 12.2de, 12.7,
12.8
general trends 558
rifting phases and sedim.
history 555-556, 12.8
North Carolina shelf 131
North Sea 114, 127
barrier-Iagoonal systems
525,11.29
mud flats 114
oil and gas 716, 14.11
subsidence 405, 8.13b
storm sands 102
tides 111, 3.4a
Viking graben, diagenesis
13.14
Norwegian fjords 446
Norwegian-Greenland Sea 172, 245,
4.3
c1imate change, cyclic sediments 224
ocean, ocean water
bottom, contour currents 187188, 235-238
conveyer belt 242-244, 5.27a
Corioli's forces 187,5.2be
density, salinity of sea water
183-184, 5.labd, 5.2a
density stratification 184
Eckman spiral 184, 5.2b
equatorial convergence, divergence
187, 5.1e, 5.2c
mass transport, nutrients 188
pycnoc1ine 184
sediment transport 188-189, 5.3a
temperature 183, 5.1 ae, 5.2 a
thermo-haline circulation 187,
5.1e
two-Iayer ocean 183
wind-driven circulation 187
upwelling, downwelling 187-188,
5.2ed
oceanic sag basins 6, 1.11
oceanic sediments s. deep-sea
sediments
oceanography, physical, s. oceans,
water circulation
oil and gas fields s. hydrocarbon
habitats
oil, generation, expulsion and
migration s. hydrocarbon
generation
oil shales s. hydrocarbon source
rocks
Okinawa trough 604
olistostromes, olistoliths (also s.
gravity mass flows) 216
Olympic Mountains, Washington
587, 12.22d
Ontong-Java plateau 567
oolitic ironstones 252-254, 6.2
chamosite 252
effects of sea-Ievel changes
253-254, 6.2e
in the Earth's history 254
minette ores, Lorraine 253
ooid formation 252, 6.2b
provenance of iron 252-253
reworking effects 253, 6.1
ore deposits, diagenetic 701-702
Mississippi Valley type 702
related to evaporites 287,
702
organic matter (also s. preservation,
production)
adsorbed onto minerals, organomineral aggregates 468
decomposition, mineralization
469-470, 10.6
definition, types 463
dissolved in sea water 468
preservation (also s. preservation)
469-476
terrestrial, to the ocean 466,
JO.5, TIO.I
Orinoco delta 155
overpressure s. pressure
fracturing of rocks 663
overthrust belts s. loreland basins
thrust sheet migration 612
oxygen in the earlyatmosphere
284,6.18
Pacific, southwestem, backarc
basins 602, 12.28-12.30
Pakistan, denudation 440
paleoceanography 238-248
atrnospheric CO2 exchange 5.25
carbon, oxygen isotopes fractionation 242, 5.26
biological, solution pump 240242,5.24ab
Cretaceous ocean 246
feedback systems 239
greenhouse gases 239
low sea-Ievel effects 244
oceanic gateways 245, 5.27b
post-Cretaceous cooling 247
paleosols 20, 416-420, 9.1-9.4
Panama strait 245
Pangea 355
Pannonian basin, Hungary 626,
12.41
Parmonian-type basins 8, 626-628,
1.3b
examples 628
Paradox Basin, USA, evaporite
cyc1es 264
Parami basin, S. America 575, 577
parasequences s. sequ. stratigr.
Paris Basin,
hydrocarbons 716, 14.10
subsidence 405, 8.13b
passive margin basins (also s.
continental margin) 6, 1.1 d
pebbly mudstone 216
perialpine lakes 488
periglacial features 22, 2.1 ag, 2.2
periodic and discyc1ic sequences s.
cyc1ic sequences, event strat.
peripheral bulge 392, 8.3b
peritidal carbonate cyc1es s.
cyc1ic sequences
permeability 681, 13.21
Permian reefcomplex, Texas 147
Permian cold water carbonates 137
Persian (also s. Arabian/Persian)
Gulf 169,180,4.7
Peru-Chile trench 583, 12.20b
petroleum generation s. hydrocarbon generation
phosphorites 201-205,210
phosphate precipitation 201-202,
5.7b,5.8
phosphorite formation through
time, giant phosphorites 205
secondary enrichment 202, 5.8,
5.9b-d
sources of phosphorus 201-202
Po delta, Italy 519, 11.25ab
polyphase basins 637-642
basin-type transitions 637,
12.45,12.47
examples 641-642
at convergent margins 640,
12.47
porcellanite 198
pore cements (also s. diagenesis)
695-697,13.20,13-27
overgrowth, meniscus cement
etc.13.27
pore water flow, refraction 663,
13. lOde
pore water pressure 663, 13.11
hydrostatic, lithostatic 633
overpressure, excess pressure,
subnormal 663
porosity 456,681,10.1, 13.21