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Contents
7 Sequences, Minor Cycles, and Event Stratigraphy ....................... 291
7.1 General Characteristics of Cyclic Sediments ......................... 292
7.2 Sequence Stratigraphy: Basic Concepts ............................. 297
7.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Coastal and Shallow-Marine
Siliciclastic Systems ............................................ 313
7.4 Marine Deltas, Deep-Sea Fans, and Oceanic Sediments ................. 325
7.5 Sequence Stratigraphy ofMarine Carbonate Systems ................... 328
7.6 Sequence Stratigraphy ofTransitional Systems ....................... 337
7.7 Continental Sequence Stratigraphy ................................. 345
7.8 Hierarchy of Sedimentary Cycles, Their Superposition and Causes ........ 354
7.9 Cyclo- and Event Stratigraphy ..................................... 359
7.10 General Discussion (Sequence and Event Stratigraphy) ................ 381
Part III Subsidence, Flux Rates, and Sediment Budget ............. 385
8 Subsidence ........................................................ 387
8.1 General Mechanisms Controlling Subsidence ......................... 387
8.2 Methods for Determining Subsidence of Sedimentary Basins ............ 393
8.3 Subsidence ofModel Basins and Observed Subsidence History .......... 400
8.4 Subsidence Related to Tectonic Loading, Subduction, and
Strike-Slip Motion .............................................. 411
9 Denudation: Solute Transport and Flux Rates of Terrigenous Sediment .... 414
9.1 Weathering, Soils, and Formation ofTerrigenous Sediments ............. 414
9.2 Chemical Denudation (Quantitative Aspects) ......................... 424
9.3 Mechanical Denudation .......................................... 434
9.4 Modem Chemical vs. Mechanical Denudation Rates ................... 442
9.5 Long-Term Denudation Rates from Landform Reconstruction ............ 443
9.6 Steady State and Dynamic Denudation Systems ....................... 447
9.7 Denudation Rates, Summary ...................................... 454
10 Sedimentation Rates and Organic Matter in Various Depositional
Environments ........................................................ 455
10.1 General Aspects ................................................ 455
10.2 Sedimentation Rates in Various Depositional Environment. ............. 459
10.3 Production of Organic Matter in Various Environments ................. 463
10.4 Organic Matter in the Oceans ..................................... 466
10.5 Organic Matter Preservation in Marine Sediments ..................... 469
11 The Interplay Between Sediment Supply, Subsidence, and Basin Fill ....... 480
11.1 Introduction ................................................... 480
11.2 Denudation-Sediment Accumulation (DA) Systems .................... 482
11.3 Dynamic Denudation-Accumulation (DA) Systems .................... 494
11.4 Chemical Sediments (Evaporites) in Basin Filling ..................... 512
11.5 Distribution of Clastic Sediments in Water-Filled Basins ................ 517
11.6 Consequences for Stratigraphic Sequences and Facies Associations
(Overview) .................................................... 533
11.7 Preservation and Recycling of Older Sediments ....................... 536
Part IV Basin Evolution ........................................... 541
12 Basin Evolution and Sediments . ...................................... 543
12.1 Rift Basins ..................................................... 543
12.2 Continental Margin and Slope Basins ............................... 561
12.3 Mega-Rifting and Mesozoic Sediments in Europe (Overview) ............ 571
12.4 Intracontinental Sag Basins ....................................... 574
Contents
7 Sequences, Minor Cycles, and Event Stratigraphy ....................... 291
7.1 General Characteristics of Cyclic Sediments ......................... 292
7.2 Sequence Stratigraphy: Basic Concepts ............................. 297
7.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Coastal and Shallow-Marine
Siliciclastic Systems ............................................ 313
7.4 Marine Deltas, Deep-Sea Fans, and Oceanic Sediments ................. 325
7.5 Sequence Stratigraphy ofMarine Carbonate Systems ................... 328
7.6 Sequence Stratigraphy ofTransitional Systems ....................... 337
7.7 Continental Sequence Stratigraphy ................................. 345
7.8 Hierarchy of Sedimentary Cycles, Their Superposition and Causes ........ 354
7.9 Cyclo- and Event Stratigraphy ..................................... 359
7.10 General Discussion (Sequence and Event Stratigraphy) ................ 381
Part III Subsidence, Flux Rates, and Sediment Budget ............. 385
8 Subsidence ........................................................ 387
8.1 General Mechanisms Controlling Subsidence ......................... 387
8.2 Methods for Determining Subsidence of Sedimentary Basins ............ 393
8.3 Subsidence ofModel Basins and Observed Subsidence History .......... 400
8.4 Subsidence Related to Tectonic Loading, Subduction, and
Strike-Slip Motion .............................................. 411
9 Denudation: Solute Transport and Flux Rates of Terrigenous Sediment .... 414
9.1 Weathering, Soils, and Formation ofTerrigenous Sediments ............. 414
9.2 Chemical Denudation (Quantitative Aspects) ......................... 424
9.3 Mechanical Denudation .......................................... 434
9.4 Modem Chemical vs. Mechanical Denudation Rates ................... 442
9.5 Long-Term Denudation Rates from Landform Reconstruction ............ 443
9.6 Steady State and Dynamic Denudation Systems ....................... 447
9.7 Denudation Rates, Summary ...................................... 454
10 Sedimentation Rates and Organic Matter in Various Depositional
Environments ........................................................ 455
10.1 General Aspects ................................................ 455
10.2 Sedimentation Rates in Various Depositional Environment. ............. 459
10.3 Production of Organic Matter in Various Environments ................. 463
10.4 Organic Matter in the Oceans ..................................... 466
10.5 Organic Matter Preservation in Marine Sediments ..................... 469
11 The Interplay Between Sediment Supply, Subsidence, and Basin Fill ....... 480
11.1 Introduction ................................................... 480
11.2 Denudation-Sediment Accumulation (DA) Systems .................... 482
11.3 Dynamic Denudation-Accumulation (DA) Systems .................... 494
11.4 Chemical Sediments (Evaporites) in Basin Filling ..................... 512
11.5 Distribution of Clastic Sediments in Water-Filled Basins ................ 517
11.6 Consequences for Stratigraphic Sequences and Facies Associations
(Overview) .................................................... 533
11.7 Preservation and Recycling of Older Sediments ....................... 536
Part IV Basin Evolution ........................................... 541
12 Basin Evolution and Sediments . ...................................... 543
12.1 Rift Basins ..................................................... 543
12.2 Continental Margin and Slope Basins ............................... 561
12.3 Mega-Rifting and Mesozoic Sediments in Europe (Overview) ............ 571
12.4 Intracontinental Sag Basins ....................................... 574