Contents
(Overview, detailed contents are listed at the headings ofindividual chapters)
Part 1 Types of Sedimentary Basins ................................. 1
1 Basin Classification and Depositional Environments ...................... 3
1.1 Introduction.................................................... 3
1.2 Tectonic Basin Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.3 Tectonics and Basin Filling ....................................... 10
1.4 Basin Morphology and Depositional Environments ..................... 10
Part 11 Depositional Systems and Facies Models .................... 17
2 Continental Sediments .............................................. 19
2.1 Glacial Deposits of Lowlands, Lakes, and in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
2.2 Fluvial Sediments, Alluvial Fans and Fan Deltas ....................... 29
2.3 Eolian Sediments ............................................... 52
2.4 Volcaniclastic Sediments (Tephra Deposits) .......................... 64
2.5 Lake Sediments ................................................. 75
3 Coastal and Shallow Sea Sediments (Including Carbonates) ............... 94
3.1 Beach and Shoreface Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
3.2 Sediments ofTidal Flats and Barrier Island-Lagoon Complexes .......... 109
3.3 Sediments of Shallow Seas (Siliciclastics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
3.4 Carbonate Buildups and Reef-Lagoon Complexes ..................... 134
3.5 Sediments ofMarine Delta Complexes ............................. 153
4 Sediments of Adjacent Seas and Estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166
4.1 Introduction.................................................. 166
4.2 Water Circulation and Sediments .................................. 166
4.3 Sedimentary History of Some Modem Adjacent Seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
4.4 Summary (Adjacent Seas) ....................................... 181
5 Oceanic Sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
5.1 Introduction .................................................. 183
5.2 Water Circulation in the Oceans ................................... 183
5.3 Hemipelagic and Pelagic Deep-Sea Sediments ....................... 188
5.4 Gravity Mass Flow Deposits and Turbidites ......................... 210
5.5 Erosion and Redeposition ofDeep-Sea Sediments .................... 235
5.6 Paleoceanography .............................................. 238
6 Special Depositional Environments and Sediments ...................... 249
6.1 Green Marine Clays ............................................ 249
6.2 Oolitic Ironstones .............................................. 252
6.3 Red Beds ..................................................... 254
6.4 Marine Evaporites ............................................. 258
6.5 Nonactualistic (Precambrian) Depositional .......................... 283
(Overview, detailed contents are listed at the headings ofindividual chapters)
Part 1 Types of Sedimentary Basins ................................. 1
1 Basin Classification and Depositional Environments ...................... 3
1.1 Introduction.................................................... 3
1.2 Tectonic Basin Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.3 Tectonics and Basin Filling ....................................... 10
1.4 Basin Morphology and Depositional Environments ..................... 10
Part 11 Depositional Systems and Facies Models .................... 17
2 Continental Sediments .............................................. 19
2.1 Glacial Deposits of Lowlands, Lakes, and in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
2.2 Fluvial Sediments, Alluvial Fans and Fan Deltas ....................... 29
2.3 Eolian Sediments ............................................... 52
2.4 Volcaniclastic Sediments (Tephra Deposits) .......................... 64
2.5 Lake Sediments ................................................. 75
3 Coastal and Shallow Sea Sediments (Including Carbonates) ............... 94
3.1 Beach and Shoreface Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
3.2 Sediments ofTidal Flats and Barrier Island-Lagoon Complexes .......... 109
3.3 Sediments of Shallow Seas (Siliciclastics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
3.4 Carbonate Buildups and Reef-Lagoon Complexes ..................... 134
3.5 Sediments ofMarine Delta Complexes ............................. 153
4 Sediments of Adjacent Seas and Estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166
4.1 Introduction.................................................. 166
4.2 Water Circulation and Sediments .................................. 166
4.3 Sedimentary History of Some Modem Adjacent Seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
4.4 Summary (Adjacent Seas) ....................................... 181
5 Oceanic Sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
5.1 Introduction .................................................. 183
5.2 Water Circulation in the Oceans ................................... 183
5.3 Hemipelagic and Pelagic Deep-Sea Sediments ....................... 188
5.4 Gravity Mass Flow Deposits and Turbidites ......................... 210
5.5 Erosion and Redeposition ofDeep-Sea Sediments .................... 235
5.6 Paleoceanography .............................................. 238
6 Special Depositional Environments and Sediments ...................... 249
6.1 Green Marine Clays ............................................ 249
6.2 Oolitic Ironstones .............................................. 252
6.3 Red Beds ..................................................... 254
6.4 Marine Evaporites ............................................. 258
6.5 Nonactualistic (Precambrian) Depositional .......................... 283