142
Critical metal
Europe 2030
Critical metal
United States
Type of ocean mineral
deposit
Concentrations and
supply
Niobium
Yes
Yes
Nodules—crusts
Brazil (92 %)
Rare earths
La, Ce, Pr,
Nd,Pm, Sm,
Eu, Gd, Tb,
Dy, Ho, Er,
Tm, Yb, Lu
Yes
Yes
Nodules—crusts
China (99 %)
Yttrium
Yes
Yes
–
China (99 %)
Tungsten
Yes
No
Nodules
China (85 %)
Silver
No
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
Peru (18 %), Mexico
(16 %), China (13 %)
Cobalt
No
No
Crusts and sulphides Congo (51 %), Zambia
(12 %)
Zinc
No
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China (30 %), Peru
(13 %), Australia
(12 %)
Copper
No
Yes
Sulphides, nodules,
crusts
Chila (34 %), Peru
(8 %), China (7 %),
United States (7 %)
Nickel
No
No
Nodules—crusts
Russia (17 %), Indonesia (15 %), Philippines (10 %), New
Caledonia (9 %)
Gold
No
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China (14 %), Australia
(10 %), US (9 %)
Titanium
No
Yes
Nodules—crusts
South Africa (19 %),
Australia (18 %),
China (10 %)
Manganese
No
Yes
Nodules—low T°
hydrothermal crusts
China (21 %), Australia
(18 %), South Africa
(17 %), Gabon (11 %)
Thallium
No
Yes
Nodules—crusts
Canada, Europe, US
Vanadium
No
Yes
Nodules—crusts
China (41 %), South
Africa (32 %), Russia
(25 %)
Lithium
No
Yes
No
Chile (35 %), Australia
(34 %), China (18 %)
Tellurium
No
Yes
Hydrothermal
sulphides
Japan, Russia, Peru,
Canada
Selenium
No
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
Germany (30 %), Belgium (9 %), Canada
(8 %)
Appendices