141
Title
First
name
Surname
Position
Ministry/Organisation Department, division…
Mrs
Joëlle
GALÉRON Project
manager
Ifremer
Project: Biodiversity
and Functioning of
Deep-Sea Ecosystems
Mr
Jean-Luc CHARLOU Researcher Ifremer
Fluids, Chemical Transfers and Potential
Resources; Geochemistry, Metallogeny
Mrs
Odile
GAUTHIER Director
Ministry of Ecology,
Sustainable Development, Transport and
Housing
Department of Water
and Biodiversity
Mrs
Véronique
PERRIER Expert
Mr
Charles LAMIRAUX
Expert
Marine Environment
Mr
Élie
JARMACHE
Expert
Adviser
General Secretariat for
the Sea
Legal Department
Mr
Philippe ESPINASSE Director
Technip
Submarine Mineral Extraction
Technologies
Appendix—5 Advantages and Constraints of the Main
Deep-Sea Minerals
Critical metal
Europe 2030
Critical metal
United States
Type of ocean mineral
deposit
Concentrations and
supply
Gallium
Yes
Yes
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China, Germany,
Kazakhstan, Ukraine
Germanium
Yes
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China (67 %), Russia
(4 %), US (4 %)
Indium
Yes
Yes
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China (52 %), Korea
(14 %)
Antimony
Yes
No
Hydrothermal
sulphides
China (89 %)
PGMs
Ru, Rh, Pd,
Re, Os,
Ir, Pt
Yes
Yes Rh, Pt, Pd Crusts
South Africa and Russia
(90 %)
Magnesium
Yes
No
Hydrothermal sites in
the mantle
China (56 %)
Graphite
Yes
No
–
China (73 %), India
(12 %)
Tantalum
Yes
Yes
–
Brazil (26 %),
Mozambique (16 %),
Rwanda (15 %)
Beryllium
Yes
No
–
United States (89 %),
China (10 %)
Fluorine
Yes
No
–
China (56 %), Mexico
(18 %)
Appendices