180
Index
Corilios parameter, 2, 9, 11, 15, 97–101, 103,
105, 107, 114, 119, 122, 126, 132, 135,
140, 143, 149, 155–156, 164
Coriolis force, 9–12, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 71,
81, 85, 97, 99–102, 104–105, 126, 130,
132, 139–140, 146, 150, 155, 157–158,
167, 170
Courant number, 37, 169
D
Deep-water waves, 25–26
Deep Western Boundary Current, 142, 146,
150–151
Density, 35–43, 47, 55–56, 60–61, 64, 68–71,
76–79, 81–82, 93–95, 104–106,
108, 115–116, 121, 124, 127, 133,
141–142, 157
Density front, 100–101, 103–104, 106, 111,
116, 140
Diffusion
double, 3, 21, 72–78
molecular, 58, 72–73, 75
turbulent, 11, 52
Dilution basin, 138–139
Dispersion relation, 24–26, 32–33, 44, 85,
160–161
Double-diffusive instability, 72–78
Double-diffusive layering, 73, 77–78
Dynamic pressure, 2–4, 24, 26–27, 29–30,
32–34, 36, 39, 90, 101–102, 119–120,
123, 125, 127, 166–168, 170
E
Ekman-layer depth, 16
Ekman layers, 9–19
Ekman number, 12–13
Ekman pumping, 118–123
Ekman spiral, 16–18
El-Ni˜ no Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
161–164
Entrainment velocity, 65–66
Equation of state, 1, 58, 61, 73–74, 94
Equatorial waves, 158–161
Error
round-off, 5, 38, 62, 128, 149
truncation, 5, 21
Estuaries
negative/inverse, 83–84, 87, 94–96
positive, 83–84, 86, 89–93
F
Finite difference, 4–5
forward, centred, backward, 4
Flushing time, 88–89, 94
Friction
bottom, 3, 18, 62–63, 68, 75, 80, 83, 90,
103, 105, 107, 120, 132–133, 135, 137,
140, 143, 149, 170
lateral, 3, 102, 114
Froude number, 53, 56
G
Geostrophic
adjustment, 100–101, 103–106, 108–109,
131–132, 139–140, 150
balance, 97–99, 123
flow, 18–19, 97–100, 102, 104, 108,
111–112, 116–118, 120–124, 143–144,
147, 166, 168, 170
method, 98
Gradient ratio, 73–75
H
Hermite polynomial, 160
Hydraulic jump, 53, 55–56
Hydrostatic approximation, 3–4, 24
I
Inertial oscillations, 9–10, 15, 17, 105, 119,
132, 155–156, 158, 161
Inertial period, 9, 12, 81, 99, 105, 109, 135,
160, 162
Inertial radius, 9, 156
Instability
barotropic/baroclinic, 133–134, 144
convective, 78
double-diffusive, 72–78
Kelvin-Helmholtz, 48–52, 82
Internal Rossby radius of deformation, 100,
112, 116, 132, 139, 144
Internal waves, 21, 41, 44–47, 53, 55–57, 65,
70, 83
L
Lee waves, 53–56
Local-rotation approach for Coriolis force, 130
Long waves (shallow-water waves), 25, 33–34
Low-pass grid filters, 170
M
Mediterranean Sea, 138–139, 142
Monte-Carlo method, 155
N
Navier-Stokes equation, 1–4, 11, 24, 44,
101, 171
Nonhydrostatic effects, 25, 27
Index
Corilios parameter, 2, 9, 11, 15, 97–101, 103,
105, 107, 114, 119, 122, 126, 132, 135,
140, 143, 149, 155–156, 164
Coriolis force, 9–12, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 71,
81, 85, 97, 99–102, 104–105, 126, 130,
132, 139–140, 146, 150, 155, 157–158,
167, 170
Courant number, 37, 169
D
Deep-water waves, 25–26
Deep Western Boundary Current, 142, 146,
150–151
Density, 35–43, 47, 55–56, 60–61, 64, 68–71,
76–79, 81–82, 93–95, 104–106,
108, 115–116, 121, 124, 127, 133,
141–142, 157
Density front, 100–101, 103–104, 106, 111,
116, 140
Diffusion
double, 3, 21, 72–78
molecular, 58, 72–73, 75
turbulent, 11, 52
Dilution basin, 138–139
Dispersion relation, 24–26, 32–33, 44, 85,
160–161
Double-diffusive instability, 72–78
Double-diffusive layering, 73, 77–78
Dynamic pressure, 2–4, 24, 26–27, 29–30,
32–34, 36, 39, 90, 101–102, 119–120,
123, 125, 127, 166–168, 170
E
Ekman-layer depth, 16
Ekman layers, 9–19
Ekman number, 12–13
Ekman pumping, 118–123
Ekman spiral, 16–18
El-Ni˜ no Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
161–164
Entrainment velocity, 65–66
Equation of state, 1, 58, 61, 73–74, 94
Equatorial waves, 158–161
Error
round-off, 5, 38, 62, 128, 149
truncation, 5, 21
Estuaries
negative/inverse, 83–84, 87, 94–96
positive, 83–84, 86, 89–93
F
Finite difference, 4–5
forward, centred, backward, 4
Flushing time, 88–89, 94
Friction
bottom, 3, 18, 62–63, 68, 75, 80, 83, 90,
103, 105, 107, 120, 132–133, 135, 137,
140, 143, 149, 170
lateral, 3, 102, 114
Froude number, 53, 56
G
Geostrophic
adjustment, 100–101, 103–106, 108–109,
131–132, 139–140, 150
balance, 97–99, 123
flow, 18–19, 97–100, 102, 104, 108,
111–112, 116–118, 120–124, 143–144,
147, 166, 168, 170
method, 98
Gradient ratio, 73–75
H
Hermite polynomial, 160
Hydraulic jump, 53, 55–56
Hydrostatic approximation, 3–4, 24
I
Inertial oscillations, 9–10, 15, 17, 105, 119,
132, 155–156, 158, 161
Inertial period, 9, 12, 81, 99, 105, 109, 135,
160, 162
Inertial radius, 9, 156
Instability
barotropic/baroclinic, 133–134, 144
convective, 78
double-diffusive, 72–78
Kelvin-Helmholtz, 48–52, 82
Internal Rossby radius of deformation, 100,
112, 116, 132, 139, 144
Internal waves, 21, 41, 44–47, 53, 55–57, 65,
70, 83
L
Lee waves, 53–56
Local-rotation approach for Coriolis force, 130
Long waves (shallow-water waves), 25, 33–34
Low-pass grid filters, 170
M
Mediterranean Sea, 138–139, 142
Monte-Carlo method, 155
N
Navier-Stokes equation, 1–4, 11, 24, 44,
101, 171
Nonhydrostatic effects, 25, 27