Index
181
Nonlinear terms, 2, 24, 36, 40, 102, 128, 130,
167–168
Normal wave modes, 45–46
Number
Courant, 37, 169
Ekman, 12–13
flux-Rayleigh, 58–59
Froude, 53, 56
Rayleigh, 58–59, 64
Richardson, 50, 52, 91–92
Rossby, 11–12, 99
temporal Rossby, 11–12, 99
P
Phase speed
of interal waves, 53, 55, 162
of surface gravity waves, 25
Plane wave, 24
Poisson equation, 28, 30, 34, 102, 129
Positive estuary
highly stratified, 87, 92–93
salt-wedge, 86–87, 92
slightly stratified, 87
well-mixed, 65, 106, 109
Prandtl’s mixing length, 15
Pressure accuracy, 30, 32, 47, 51, 55, 62, 69,
75, 81, 90, 103, 107, 114, 120, 130,
132, 136, 140, 143, 149, 164
Pycnocline, 54, 56, 70–71, 108–109, 112, 114,
116, 118–120, 122–124, 164
Q
Quasi-geostrophic flow, 99, 170
R
Rayleigh damping, 167, 170
Reduced gravity, 35–36, 41–42, 49, 56,
79–80, 158
Reduced-gravity concept, 111–112
Residence time, 88
Return flow, 70, 92, 140, 144, 146, 150
Rossby radius of deformation, 100, 112, 116,
132, 139, 144
R/V ratio, 86–87, 92
S
Salt fingering, 72
Scales of motion, 12
Scaling, 11–13, 99
Semi-implicit approach for Coriolis force, 10
Shallow-water model, 4, 101
Shallow-water waves, 25–26
Slope convection, 67–71
Sponge layer, 166, 170
Stability criterion
for advection terms, 38, 130–131
for diffusion terms, 14
for long surface gravity waves, 27, 85, 90
for vertical shear flow, 57–58
Stability frequency, 4, 44–45, 47, 50, 54,
58–59, 61, 69, 77, 114, 118–119
Steady state, 2, 11–12, 15, 104, 120, 150
Stommel-Arons model, 146–147, 150
Strait, 105, 133–142
Subcritical flow, 53
Successive over-relaxation (S.O.R.), 29–31
Supercritical flow, 53, 56
Sverdrup balance, 99, 122
T
Taylor series, 4
Thermal wind equations, 98
Thermohaline circulation, 146–147
Tidal-mixing front, 106–109
Tides, 84–86, 90, 106, 167
Time splitting, 145
Topographic steering, 99
Turbulence closure scheme
horizontal (Smagorinsky), 164
vertical (Kochergin), 114, 119, 132, 135,
140, 143, 149, 157, 163
vertical (Pacanowski and Philander), 90–91
Turner angle, 73–75, 77–79
TVD advection scheme, 37, 128
U
Upwelling front, 112, 144
Upwelling index, 113
V
Vortex stretching, 41–42, 144
Vorticity
planetary, 100
potential, 99–100
relative, 100, 137
W
Walker circulation, 162
Water age, 88, 90, 93
Wave mode, 45–46, 161, 168–169
Wind impulse, 112
Wind stress, 3, 11, 15–16, 19, 112–114,
116–117, 119–120, 122–123, 143,
145, 163
181
Nonlinear terms, 2, 24, 36, 40, 102, 128, 130,
167–168
Normal wave modes, 45–46
Number
Courant, 37, 169
Ekman, 12–13
flux-Rayleigh, 58–59
Froude, 53, 56
Rayleigh, 58–59, 64
Richardson, 50, 52, 91–92
Rossby, 11–12, 99
temporal Rossby, 11–12, 99
P
Phase speed
of interal waves, 53, 55, 162
of surface gravity waves, 25
Plane wave, 24
Poisson equation, 28, 30, 34, 102, 129
Positive estuary
highly stratified, 87, 92–93
salt-wedge, 86–87, 92
slightly stratified, 87
well-mixed, 65, 106, 109
Prandtl’s mixing length, 15
Pressure accuracy, 30, 32, 47, 51, 55, 62, 69,
75, 81, 90, 103, 107, 114, 120, 130,
132, 136, 140, 143, 149, 164
Pycnocline, 54, 56, 70–71, 108–109, 112, 114,
116, 118–120, 122–124, 164
Q
Quasi-geostrophic flow, 99, 170
R
Rayleigh damping, 167, 170
Reduced gravity, 35–36, 41–42, 49, 56,
79–80, 158
Reduced-gravity concept, 111–112
Residence time, 88
Return flow, 70, 92, 140, 144, 146, 150
Rossby radius of deformation, 100, 112, 116,
132, 139, 144
R/V ratio, 86–87, 92
S
Salt fingering, 72
Scales of motion, 12
Scaling, 11–13, 99
Semi-implicit approach for Coriolis force, 10
Shallow-water model, 4, 101
Shallow-water waves, 25–26
Slope convection, 67–71
Sponge layer, 166, 170
Stability criterion
for advection terms, 38, 130–131
for diffusion terms, 14
for long surface gravity waves, 27, 85, 90
for vertical shear flow, 57–58
Stability frequency, 4, 44–45, 47, 50, 54,
58–59, 61, 69, 77, 114, 118–119
Steady state, 2, 11–12, 15, 104, 120, 150
Stommel-Arons model, 146–147, 150
Strait, 105, 133–142
Subcritical flow, 53
Successive over-relaxation (S.O.R.), 29–31
Supercritical flow, 53, 56
Sverdrup balance, 99, 122
T
Taylor series, 4
Thermal wind equations, 98
Thermohaline circulation, 146–147
Tidal-mixing front, 106–109
Tides, 84–86, 90, 106, 167
Time splitting, 145
Topographic steering, 99
Turbulence closure scheme
horizontal (Smagorinsky), 164
vertical (Kochergin), 114, 119, 132, 135,
140, 143, 149, 157, 163
vertical (Pacanowski and Philander), 90–91
Turner angle, 73–75, 77–79
TVD advection scheme, 37, 128
U
Upwelling front, 112, 144
Upwelling index, 113
V
Vortex stretching, 41–42, 144
Vorticity
planetary, 100
potential, 99–100
relative, 100, 137
W
Walker circulation, 162
Water age, 88, 90, 93
Wave mode, 45–46, 161, 168–169
Wind impulse, 112
Wind stress, 3, 11, 15–16, 19, 112–114,
116–117, 119–120, 122–123, 143,
145, 163
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