Contents
xiii
14.7 Evidence from Field Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
14.8 A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
15 Dating the First Settlement of New Zealand: A Power Law
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
15.1 Pa Rank Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
15.2 Estimating the Date of First Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
15.3 An Explanation for the Fortification Sequence of Maori Pa . . 255
15.4 Pa Defence with Falling Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
15.5 Near-Fatal Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
15.6 Summary of the Demographic Evidence in Part II . . . . . . . 259
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
16 The Context of Oral Traditions: The Oral Transmission of
History and Maui the Navigator’s Visit to New Zealand . . . . . . 263
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
16.2 Oral Traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
16.3 The Interface Between Myth and History . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16.4 Exploration and Settlement in the Context
of Global Climate Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.5 Maui the Navigator’s Visit to New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 268
16.6 Maui’s Meeting with the Chieftainess of Orokoroko . . . . . . 270
16.7 A Lapita Rat at Orokoroko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
16.8 The Death of Maui the Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
16.9 Evidence for an Early First Settlement from Language
Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
16.10 Evidence for an Early First Settlement from
Technological Impoverishment and Divergence . . . . . . . . 277
16.11 Maori Affiliations with Western Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . 278
16.12 Evidence of a Vestigial Clay Tradition in New Zealand . . . . 279
16.13 Indirect and Consilient Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
16.14 From Myth to Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
17 The Mythological Context: Tree Worship and the Evolution
of Creation Myths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.2 The People-Creating Tree or Tree of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
17.3 The Cosmogonic Tree in the Chatham Islands . . . . . . . . . 292
17.4 The Cosmogonic Tree as the Primal Power of Creation
in Moriori Myth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
17.5 The Cosmogonic Tree in Moriori Ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
17.6 The Te Arawa Myth of the Cosmogonic Vine . . . . . . . . . 296
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
xiii
14.7 Evidence from Field Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
14.8 A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
15 Dating the First Settlement of New Zealand: A Power Law
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
15.1 Pa Rank Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
15.2 Estimating the Date of First Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
15.3 An Explanation for the Fortification Sequence of Maori Pa . . 255
15.4 Pa Defence with Falling Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
15.5 Near-Fatal Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
15.6 Summary of the Demographic Evidence in Part II . . . . . . . 259
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
16 The Context of Oral Traditions: The Oral Transmission of
History and Maui the Navigator’s Visit to New Zealand . . . . . . 263
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
16.2 Oral Traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
16.3 The Interface Between Myth and History . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16.4 Exploration and Settlement in the Context
of Global Climate Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.5 Maui the Navigator’s Visit to New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 268
16.6 Maui’s Meeting with the Chieftainess of Orokoroko . . . . . . 270
16.7 A Lapita Rat at Orokoroko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
16.8 The Death of Maui the Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
16.9 Evidence for an Early First Settlement from Language
Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
16.10 Evidence for an Early First Settlement from
Technological Impoverishment and Divergence . . . . . . . . 277
16.11 Maori Affiliations with Western Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . 278
16.12 Evidence of a Vestigial Clay Tradition in New Zealand . . . . 279
16.13 Indirect and Consilient Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
16.14 From Myth to Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
17 The Mythological Context: Tree Worship and the Evolution
of Creation Myths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.2 The People-Creating Tree or Tree of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
17.3 The Cosmogonic Tree in the Chatham Islands . . . . . . . . . 292
17.4 The Cosmogonic Tree as the Primal Power of Creation
in Moriori Myth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
17.5 The Cosmogonic Tree in Moriori Ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
17.6 The Te Arawa Myth of the Cosmogonic Vine . . . . . . . . . 296
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299