xii
Contents
Part II Evidence for a Lapita-Age First Settlement of New Zealand
11 Challenging a Late First Settlement Date for New Zealand . . . . . 181
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.2 Factors Determining an Appropriate Population
Growth Rate for Prehistoric New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.3 Time as the Fundamental Variable: The Demographic
Implications of a 0.5% p.a. Growth Rate in Prehistoric
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.4 Environmental Evidence and First Settlement Dates . . . . . . 190
11.5 The Impact of Climate on Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12 The Context of Global Climate Change: Climate-Driven
Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.2 Climate-Driven Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12.3 The Medieval Climatic Optimum in Tropical Polynesia . . . . 198
12.4 A North American Analogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
12.5 Climate-Driven Demography in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . 201
12.6 Warm Wet Periods and the Destruction of
Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.7 The Medieval Climatic Optimum in New Zealand . . . . . . . 204
12.8 The Little Ice Age in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
12.9 Cannibalism in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12.10 Erosion Triggered by Earthquake and Tsunami: Added
Destruction of Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13 The Context of Field Archaeology: The Maori Pa . . . . . . . . . . 217
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
13.2 Evidence from Early European Descriptions of Maori Pa . . . 218
13.3 Evidence from Field Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
13.4 Maori Pa in the Context of Falling Populations . . . . . . . . . 224
13.5 Indonesian Origins for New Zealand Pa? . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
13.6 Deflated Estimates for Prehistoric Populations . . . . . . . . . 225
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14 New Zealand Palaeodemography: Archaeologically Based
Demographic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.2 New Zealand Palaeodemography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
14.3 Assumptions in Brewis et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
14.4 Refined Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
14.5 Differential Rates of Population Decline . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
14.6 Establishing Estimates for the Total Non-pa Population
of the North Island in AD 1445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Contents
Part II Evidence for a Lapita-Age First Settlement of New Zealand
11 Challenging a Late First Settlement Date for New Zealand . . . . . 181
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.2 Factors Determining an Appropriate Population
Growth Rate for Prehistoric New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.3 Time as the Fundamental Variable: The Demographic
Implications of a 0.5% p.a. Growth Rate in Prehistoric
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.4 Environmental Evidence and First Settlement Dates . . . . . . 190
11.5 The Impact of Climate on Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12 The Context of Global Climate Change: Climate-Driven
Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.2 Climate-Driven Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12.3 The Medieval Climatic Optimum in Tropical Polynesia . . . . 198
12.4 A North American Analogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
12.5 Climate-Driven Demography in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . 201
12.6 Warm Wet Periods and the Destruction of
Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.7 The Medieval Climatic Optimum in New Zealand . . . . . . . 204
12.8 The Little Ice Age in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
12.9 Cannibalism in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12.10 Erosion Triggered by Earthquake and Tsunami: Added
Destruction of Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13 The Context of Field Archaeology: The Maori Pa . . . . . . . . . . 217
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
13.2 Evidence from Early European Descriptions of Maori Pa . . . 218
13.3 Evidence from Field Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
13.4 Maori Pa in the Context of Falling Populations . . . . . . . . . 224
13.5 Indonesian Origins for New Zealand Pa? . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
13.6 Deflated Estimates for Prehistoric Populations . . . . . . . . . 225
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14 New Zealand Palaeodemography: Archaeologically Based
Demographic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.2 New Zealand Palaeodemography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
14.3 Assumptions in Brewis et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
14.4 Refined Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
14.5 Differential Rates of Population Decline . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
14.6 Establishing Estimates for the Total Non-pa Population
of the North Island in AD 1445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242