hafnium and lead isotopes from the Southeast Indian Ridge.
Nature, 432, 91–94.
Haymon, R. M., Fornari, D. J., Von Damn, K. L., Lilley, M. D.,
Perfit, M. R., Edmond, J. M., Shanks, W. C., Lutz, R. A.,
Grebmeier, J. M., Carbotte, S., et al., 1993. Volcanic eruption
of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9
45–52
0 N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 119, 85–101.
Helo, C., Longpre, M., Shimizu, A. N., Clague, D. A., and Stix, J.,
2011. Explosive eruptions at mid-ocean ridges driven by CO 2 -
rich magmas. Nature Geoscience, 4, 260–263.
Herzberg, C., 2004. Partial crystallization of mid-ocean ridge
basalts in the crust and mantle. Journal of Petrology, 45,
2389–2405.
Ito, G., and Mahoney, J. J., 2005. Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle: 1. Method and importance to the geochemistry
of ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 230, 29–46.
Keleman, P., and Aharonov, E., 1998. Periodic formation of magma
fractures and generation of layered gabbros in the lower crust
beneath oceanic spreading ridges. In Buck, W. R., Delaney,
P. T., Karson, J. A., and Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and
Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph,
Vol. 106, pp. 267–289.
Kelemen, P. B., Hirth, G. B., Shimizu, N., Spiegelman, M., and
Dick, H. J. B., 1997. A review of melt migration processes in
the adiabatically upwelling mantle beneath oceanic spreading
centers. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A,
355, 283–318.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at ridge spreading centers. Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences. 30, 385–491.
Klein, E. M., and Langmuir, C. H., 1987. Global correlation of
ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 8089–8115.
Langmuir, C. H., Bender, J. F., and Batiza, R., 1986. Petrological
and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise, 5 30
0 -14
30
0 N. Nature, 322, 422–429.
Lissenberg, C. J., and Dick, H. J. B., 2008. Melt–rock reaction in the
lower oceanic crust and its implications for the genesis of
mid-ocean ridge basalt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
271, 311–325.
Lissenberg, J. C., Rioux, M., Shimizu, N., Bowring, S. A., and
Mével, C., 2009. Zircon dating of oceanic crustal accretion. Science, 3, 1048–1050.
Lissenberg, C. J., MacLeod, C. J., Howard, K. A., and Godard, M.,
2013. Pervasive reactive melt migration through fast-spreading
lower oceanic crust (Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific Ocean). Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 361, 436–447.
Liu, C.-Z., et al., 2008. Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle
beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature, 452, 312–316.
Macdonald, K. C., 1982. Mid-ocean ridges: fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary
zone. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 10,
155–190.
Macdonald, K. C., 1998. Linkages between faulting, volcanism,
hydrothermal activity and segmentation on fast spreading centers. In Buck, R. (ed.), Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean
Ridges. Washington, DC: AGU. AGU Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 106, p. 27.
Mahoney, J. J., Natland, J. H., White, W. M., Poreda, R.,
Fisher, R. L., Bloomer, S. H., and Baxter, A. N., 1989.
Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean
spreading centers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94,
4033–4053.
Martin, E., and Sigmarsson, O., 2007. Crustal thermal state and origin of silicic magma in Iceland: the case of Torfajökull,
Ljósufjöll and Snæfellsjökull volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 153, 593–605.
McClinton, T., White, S. M., Colman, A., and Sinton, J. M., 2013.
Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot
spot-affected Galápagos Spreading Center, 95
W and 92
W.
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 2731–2756.
Meyzen, C. M., et al., 2007. Isotopic portrayal of the Earth’s upper
mantle flow field. Nature, 447, 1069–1074.
Michael, P. J., and Cornell, W. C., 1998. Influence of spreading rate
and magma supply on crystallization and assimilation beneath
mid-ocean ridges: evidence from chlorine and major element
chemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 103, 18325–18356.
Michael, P. J., Langmuir, C. H., Dick, H. J. B., Snow, J. E., Goldstein, S. L., Graham, D. W., Lehnert, K., Kurras, G., Jokat, W.,
Mühe, R., and Edmonds, H. N., 2003. Magmatic and amagmatic
seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge,
Arctic Ocean. Nature, 423, 956–961.
Murray, J., and Renard, A. F., 1891. Report on Deep-Sea Deposits,
Based on Specimens Collected During the Voyage of
H.M.S. Challenger in the Years 1872–76. London:
H. M. Stationary Office.
Niu, Y., and O’Hara, M. J., 2008. Global Correlations of Ocean
Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth: a New Perspective.
Journal of Petrology, 49, 633–664.
O’Neill, H. S. C., and Jenner, F. E., 2012. The global pattern of
trace-element distributions in ocean floor basalts. Nature, 491,
698–705.
Pallister, J. S., and Hopson, C. A., 1981. Samail ophiolite plutonic
suite: field relations, phase variation, cryptic variation and
layering, and a model of a spreading ridge magma chamber.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 2593–2644.
Paonita, A., and Martelli, M., 2007. A new view of the He–Ar–CO 2
degassing at mid-ocean ridges: homogeneous composition of
magmas from the upper mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 71, 1747–1763.
Perfit, M. R., and Chadwick, W. W., Jr., 1998. Magmatism at
mid-ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. In Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson,
J. A., and Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and Magmatism at
Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph, Vol.
106, pp. 59–115.
Perfit, M. R., Fornari, D. J., Smith, M. C., Bender, J. F., Langmuir,
C. H., and Haymon, R. M., 1994. Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes.
Geology, 22, 375–379.
Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y. J., 1994. The genesis of oceanic
crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal
flow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 6283–6298.
Pollock, M. A., Klein, E. M., Karson, J. A., and Coleman, D. S.,
2009. Compositions of dikes and lavas from the Pito Deep Rift:
implications for accretion at superfast spreading centers. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 114, B03207.
Reynolds, J. R., Langmuir, C. H., Bender, J. F., Kastens, K. A., and
Ryan, W. B. F., 1992. Spatial and temporal variability geochemistry of basalts from the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 359, 493–499.
Rubin, K. H., and Sinton, J. M., 2007. Inferences on mid-ocean
ridge thermal and magmatic structure from MORB compositions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 260, 257–276.
Rubin, K. H., Macdougall, J. D., and Perfit, M. R., 1994.
210 Po210 Pb dating of recent volcanic eruptions on the sea floor.
Nature, 368, 841–844.
Rubin, K. H., Smith, M. C., Bergmanis, E. C., Perfit, M. R., Sinton,
J. M., and Batiza, R., 2001. Geochemical heterogeneity within
512
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM
Nature, 432, 91–94.
Haymon, R. M., Fornari, D. J., Von Damn, K. L., Lilley, M. D.,
Perfit, M. R., Edmond, J. M., Shanks, W. C., Lutz, R. A.,
Grebmeier, J. M., Carbotte, S., et al., 1993. Volcanic eruption
of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9
45–52
0 N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 119, 85–101.
Helo, C., Longpre, M., Shimizu, A. N., Clague, D. A., and Stix, J.,
2011. Explosive eruptions at mid-ocean ridges driven by CO 2 -
rich magmas. Nature Geoscience, 4, 260–263.
Herzberg, C., 2004. Partial crystallization of mid-ocean ridge
basalts in the crust and mantle. Journal of Petrology, 45,
2389–2405.
Ito, G., and Mahoney, J. J., 2005. Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle: 1. Method and importance to the geochemistry
of ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 230, 29–46.
Keleman, P., and Aharonov, E., 1998. Periodic formation of magma
fractures and generation of layered gabbros in the lower crust
beneath oceanic spreading ridges. In Buck, W. R., Delaney,
P. T., Karson, J. A., and Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and
Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph,
Vol. 106, pp. 267–289.
Kelemen, P. B., Hirth, G. B., Shimizu, N., Spiegelman, M., and
Dick, H. J. B., 1997. A review of melt migration processes in
the adiabatically upwelling mantle beneath oceanic spreading
centers. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A,
355, 283–318.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at ridge spreading centers. Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences. 30, 385–491.
Klein, E. M., and Langmuir, C. H., 1987. Global correlation of
ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 8089–8115.
Langmuir, C. H., Bender, J. F., and Batiza, R., 1986. Petrological
and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise, 5 30
0 -14
30
0 N. Nature, 322, 422–429.
Lissenberg, C. J., and Dick, H. J. B., 2008. Melt–rock reaction in the
lower oceanic crust and its implications for the genesis of
mid-ocean ridge basalt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
271, 311–325.
Lissenberg, J. C., Rioux, M., Shimizu, N., Bowring, S. A., and
Mével, C., 2009. Zircon dating of oceanic crustal accretion. Science, 3, 1048–1050.
Lissenberg, C. J., MacLeod, C. J., Howard, K. A., and Godard, M.,
2013. Pervasive reactive melt migration through fast-spreading
lower oceanic crust (Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific Ocean). Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 361, 436–447.
Liu, C.-Z., et al., 2008. Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle
beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature, 452, 312–316.
Macdonald, K. C., 1982. Mid-ocean ridges: fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary
zone. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 10,
155–190.
Macdonald, K. C., 1998. Linkages between faulting, volcanism,
hydrothermal activity and segmentation on fast spreading centers. In Buck, R. (ed.), Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean
Ridges. Washington, DC: AGU. AGU Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 106, p. 27.
Mahoney, J. J., Natland, J. H., White, W. M., Poreda, R.,
Fisher, R. L., Bloomer, S. H., and Baxter, A. N., 1989.
Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean
spreading centers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94,
4033–4053.
Martin, E., and Sigmarsson, O., 2007. Crustal thermal state and origin of silicic magma in Iceland: the case of Torfajökull,
Ljósufjöll and Snæfellsjökull volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 153, 593–605.
McClinton, T., White, S. M., Colman, A., and Sinton, J. M., 2013.
Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot
spot-affected Galápagos Spreading Center, 95
W and 92
W.
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 2731–2756.
Meyzen, C. M., et al., 2007. Isotopic portrayal of the Earth’s upper
mantle flow field. Nature, 447, 1069–1074.
Michael, P. J., and Cornell, W. C., 1998. Influence of spreading rate
and magma supply on crystallization and assimilation beneath
mid-ocean ridges: evidence from chlorine and major element
chemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 103, 18325–18356.
Michael, P. J., Langmuir, C. H., Dick, H. J. B., Snow, J. E., Goldstein, S. L., Graham, D. W., Lehnert, K., Kurras, G., Jokat, W.,
Mühe, R., and Edmonds, H. N., 2003. Magmatic and amagmatic
seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge,
Arctic Ocean. Nature, 423, 956–961.
Murray, J., and Renard, A. F., 1891. Report on Deep-Sea Deposits,
Based on Specimens Collected During the Voyage of
H.M.S. Challenger in the Years 1872–76. London:
H. M. Stationary Office.
Niu, Y., and O’Hara, M. J., 2008. Global Correlations of Ocean
Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth: a New Perspective.
Journal of Petrology, 49, 633–664.
O’Neill, H. S. C., and Jenner, F. E., 2012. The global pattern of
trace-element distributions in ocean floor basalts. Nature, 491,
698–705.
Pallister, J. S., and Hopson, C. A., 1981. Samail ophiolite plutonic
suite: field relations, phase variation, cryptic variation and
layering, and a model of a spreading ridge magma chamber.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 2593–2644.
Paonita, A., and Martelli, M., 2007. A new view of the He–Ar–CO 2
degassing at mid-ocean ridges: homogeneous composition of
magmas from the upper mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 71, 1747–1763.
Perfit, M. R., and Chadwick, W. W., Jr., 1998. Magmatism at
mid-ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. In Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson,
J. A., and Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and Magmatism at
Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph, Vol.
106, pp. 59–115.
Perfit, M. R., Fornari, D. J., Smith, M. C., Bender, J. F., Langmuir,
C. H., and Haymon, R. M., 1994. Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes.
Geology, 22, 375–379.
Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y. J., 1994. The genesis of oceanic
crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal
flow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 6283–6298.
Pollock, M. A., Klein, E. M., Karson, J. A., and Coleman, D. S.,
2009. Compositions of dikes and lavas from the Pito Deep Rift:
implications for accretion at superfast spreading centers. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 114, B03207.
Reynolds, J. R., Langmuir, C. H., Bender, J. F., Kastens, K. A., and
Ryan, W. B. F., 1992. Spatial and temporal variability geochemistry of basalts from the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 359, 493–499.
Rubin, K. H., and Sinton, J. M., 2007. Inferences on mid-ocean
ridge thermal and magmatic structure from MORB compositions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 260, 257–276.
Rubin, K. H., Macdougall, J. D., and Perfit, M. R., 1994.
210 Po210 Pb dating of recent volcanic eruptions on the sea floor.
Nature, 368, 841–844.
Rubin, K. H., Smith, M. C., Bergmanis, E. C., Perfit, M. R., Sinton,
J. M., and Batiza, R., 2001. Geochemical heterogeneity within
512
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM