mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal and magmatic processes. Oceanography, 25, 100–112.
Carbotte, S. M., Marjanović, M., Carton, H., Mutter, J. C., Canales,
J. P., Nedimović, M. R., Han, S., and Perfit, M. R., 2013. Finescale segmentation of the crustal magma reservoir beneath the
East Pacific Rise. Nature Geoscience, 6, 866–870.
Caress, D. W., Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Dreyer,
B. M., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Denny, A., and Kelley, D. S.,
2012. Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava
flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011. Nature Geoscience, 5, 483–488.
Carlut, J., Cormier, M.-H., Kent, D. V., Donnelly, K. E., and Langmuir, C. H., 2004. Timing of volcanism along the northern East
Pacific Rise based on paleointensity experiments on basaltic
glasses. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B04104.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Embley, R. W., and Fox, C. G., 1991. Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge
between 1981 and 1987. Nature, 350, 416–418.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Nooner, S. L., Zumberge, M. A., Embley,
R. W., and Fox, C. G., 2006. Vertical deformation monitoring
at axial seamount since its 1998 eruption using deep-sea pressure
sensors. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 150,
313–32.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Nooner, S., Butterfield, D. A., and Lilley, M. D.,
2012. Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption
at Axial Seamount. Nature Geoscience, 5, 474–477.
Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., and Davis, A. S., 2009. Widespread
strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 180, 171–188.
Clague, D. A., Dreyer, B. M., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Chadwick,
W. W., Jr., Caress, D. W., Portner, R. A., Guilderson, T. P.,
McGann, M. L., Thomas, H., Butterfield, D. A., and Embley,
R. W., 2013. Geologic history of the summit of axial seamount,
Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14,
4403–4443.
Colman, A., Sinton, J. M., White, S. M., McClinton, J. T., Bowles,
J. A., Rubin, K. H., Behn, M. D., Cushman, B., Eason, D. E.,
Gregg, T. K. P., Grönvold, K., Hidalgo, S., Howell, J., Neill,
O., and Russo, C., 2012. Effects of variable magma supply on
mid-ocean ridge eruptions: constraints from mapped lava flow
fields along the Galápagos Spreading Center. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q08014.
Coogan, L. A., 2007. The lower oceanic crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3(19), 1–45.
Coogan, L. A., Jenkin, G. R. T., and Wilson, R. N., 2007.
Contrasting cooling rates in the lower oceanic crust at fast- and
slow-spreading ridges revealed by geospeedometry. Journal of
Petrology, 48, 2211–2231.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmund, J. M., von
Herzen, R. P., Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D.,
Brainbridge, A., Crane, K., and Van Andel, T. J., 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift. Science, 203,
1073–1083.
Cushman, B., Sinton, J. M., Ito, G., and Dixon, J. E., 2004. Glass
compositions, plume-ridge interaction, and hydrous melting
along the Galápagos Spreading Center, 90.5
W to 98
W.
Geophysics Geochemistry Geosystems, 5, 8–17.
Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., and Gale, A., 2014. Geophysical
and geochemical evidence for deep temperature variations
beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges. Science, 344, 80–83.
Delaney, J. R., Kelley, D. S., Lilley, M. D., Butterfield, D. A.,
Baross, J. A., Wilcock, W. S. D., Embley, R. W., and Summit,
M., 1998. The quantum event of oceanic crustal accretion:
Impacts of diking at mid-ocean ridges. Science, 281, 222–230.
Dick, H. J. B., Fisher, R. L., and Bryan, W. B., 1984. Mineralogic
variability of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69, 88–106.
Dupre, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1980. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic correlation
and the chemistry of the North Atlantic mantle. Nature, 286,
17–22.
Dziak, R. P., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Cowen, J. P., Baker, E. T., Rubin,
K. H., Haxel, J. H., and Fowler, M. J., 2007. Rapid dike emplacement leads to eruptions and hydrothermal plume release during
seafloor spreading events. Geology, 35, 579–582.
Dziak, R. P., Hammond, S. R., and Fox, C. G., 2011. A 20-year
hydroacoustic time series of seismic and volcanic events in the
Northeast Pacific Ocean. Oceanography, 24, 280–293.
Dziak, R. P., Haxel, J. H., Bohnenstiehl, D., and Matsumoto, H.,
2012. Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April
2011 eruption at Axial Seamount. Nature Geoscience, 5,
478–482.
Elliott, T., and Spiegelman, M., 2007. Melt migration in oceanic
crustal production: a U-series perspective. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3(14), 465–510.
Elthon, D., 1979. High magnesia liquids as the parental magma for
ocean floor basalts. Nature, 278, 514–518.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Perfit, M. R., and Baker, E. T.,
1991. Geology of the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca
Ridge: recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation
of megaplumes. Geology, 19, 771–775.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, Jr., W. W., Perfit, M. R., Smith, M. C.,
and Delaney. J. R., 2000. Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean
ridge accretion processes, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16501–16525.
Fornari, D. J., Von Damm, K. L., Bryce, J. G., Cowen, J. P., Ferrini,
V., Fundis, A., et al., 2012. The East Pacific Rise between 9
N
and 10
N: twenty-five years of integrated, multidisciplinary oceanic spreading center studies. Oceanography, 25, 18–43.
Fox, C. G., Dziak, R. P., Matsumoto, H., and Schreiner, A. E., 1994.
Potential for monitoring low-level seismicity on the Juan de
Fuca Ridge using military hydrophone arrays. Marine Technology Society Journal, 27, 22–30.
Gale, A., Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., Su, Y., and Schilling, J.G., 2013. The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 489–518.
Goss, A. R., Perfit, M. R., Ridley, W. I., Rubin, K. H., Kamenov,
G. D., Soule, S. A., Fundis, A., and Fornari, D. J., 2010. Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005–2006 eruption at the East
Pacific Rise, 9
46
0 N–9
56
0 N: Implications for ridge crest
plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11, Q05T09.
Graham, D. W., Blichert-Toft, J., Russo, C. J., Rubin, K. H., and
Albarède, F., 2006. Cryptic striations in the upper mantle
revealed by hafnium isotopes in Southeast Indian Ridge basalts.
Nature, 440, 199–202.
Gregg, T. K. P., and Fink, J. H., 1995. Quantification of submarine
lava-flow morphology through analog experiments. Geology,
23, 73–76.
Grove, T. L., Kinzler, R. J., and Bryan, W. B., 1992. Fractionation of
mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In Phipps Morgan, J.,
Blackman, D. K., and Sinton, J. M. (eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt
Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph,
Vol. 71, pp. 281–310.
Haase, K. M., Stroncik, N. A., Hékinian, R., and Stoffers, P., 2005.
Nb-depleted andesites from the Pacific-Antarctic rise as analogs
for early continental crust. Geology, 33, 921–924.
Hall, M., 1876. Note upon a portion of Basalt from the mid-Atlantic.
The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal, 1, 1–3.
Hamelin, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1985. Large-scale regional units in
the depleted upper mantle revealed by an isotope study of the
South-West Indian Ridge. Nature, 315, 196–199.
Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Pyle, D. G., and Christie, D. M.,
2004. Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM
511
Carbotte, S. M., Marjanović, M., Carton, H., Mutter, J. C., Canales,
J. P., Nedimović, M. R., Han, S., and Perfit, M. R., 2013. Finescale segmentation of the crustal magma reservoir beneath the
East Pacific Rise. Nature Geoscience, 6, 866–870.
Caress, D. W., Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Dreyer,
B. M., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Denny, A., and Kelley, D. S.,
2012. Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava
flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011. Nature Geoscience, 5, 483–488.
Carlut, J., Cormier, M.-H., Kent, D. V., Donnelly, K. E., and Langmuir, C. H., 2004. Timing of volcanism along the northern East
Pacific Rise based on paleointensity experiments on basaltic
glasses. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B04104.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Embley, R. W., and Fox, C. G., 1991. Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge
between 1981 and 1987. Nature, 350, 416–418.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Nooner, S. L., Zumberge, M. A., Embley,
R. W., and Fox, C. G., 2006. Vertical deformation monitoring
at axial seamount since its 1998 eruption using deep-sea pressure
sensors. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 150,
313–32.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Nooner, S., Butterfield, D. A., and Lilley, M. D.,
2012. Seafloor deformation and forecasts of the April 2011 eruption
at Axial Seamount. Nature Geoscience, 5, 474–477.
Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., and Davis, A. S., 2009. Widespread
strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 180, 171–188.
Clague, D. A., Dreyer, B. M., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Chadwick,
W. W., Jr., Caress, D. W., Portner, R. A., Guilderson, T. P.,
McGann, M. L., Thomas, H., Butterfield, D. A., and Embley,
R. W., 2013. Geologic history of the summit of axial seamount,
Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14,
4403–4443.
Colman, A., Sinton, J. M., White, S. M., McClinton, J. T., Bowles,
J. A., Rubin, K. H., Behn, M. D., Cushman, B., Eason, D. E.,
Gregg, T. K. P., Grönvold, K., Hidalgo, S., Howell, J., Neill,
O., and Russo, C., 2012. Effects of variable magma supply on
mid-ocean ridge eruptions: constraints from mapped lava flow
fields along the Galápagos Spreading Center. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q08014.
Coogan, L. A., 2007. The lower oceanic crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3(19), 1–45.
Coogan, L. A., Jenkin, G. R. T., and Wilson, R. N., 2007.
Contrasting cooling rates in the lower oceanic crust at fast- and
slow-spreading ridges revealed by geospeedometry. Journal of
Petrology, 48, 2211–2231.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmund, J. M., von
Herzen, R. P., Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D.,
Brainbridge, A., Crane, K., and Van Andel, T. J., 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift. Science, 203,
1073–1083.
Cushman, B., Sinton, J. M., Ito, G., and Dixon, J. E., 2004. Glass
compositions, plume-ridge interaction, and hydrous melting
along the Galápagos Spreading Center, 90.5
W to 98
W.
Geophysics Geochemistry Geosystems, 5, 8–17.
Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., and Gale, A., 2014. Geophysical
and geochemical evidence for deep temperature variations
beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges. Science, 344, 80–83.
Delaney, J. R., Kelley, D. S., Lilley, M. D., Butterfield, D. A.,
Baross, J. A., Wilcock, W. S. D., Embley, R. W., and Summit,
M., 1998. The quantum event of oceanic crustal accretion:
Impacts of diking at mid-ocean ridges. Science, 281, 222–230.
Dick, H. J. B., Fisher, R. L., and Bryan, W. B., 1984. Mineralogic
variability of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69, 88–106.
Dupre, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1980. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic correlation
and the chemistry of the North Atlantic mantle. Nature, 286,
17–22.
Dziak, R. P., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Cowen, J. P., Baker, E. T., Rubin,
K. H., Haxel, J. H., and Fowler, M. J., 2007. Rapid dike emplacement leads to eruptions and hydrothermal plume release during
seafloor spreading events. Geology, 35, 579–582.
Dziak, R. P., Hammond, S. R., and Fox, C. G., 2011. A 20-year
hydroacoustic time series of seismic and volcanic events in the
Northeast Pacific Ocean. Oceanography, 24, 280–293.
Dziak, R. P., Haxel, J. H., Bohnenstiehl, D., and Matsumoto, H.,
2012. Seismic precursors and magma ascent before the April
2011 eruption at Axial Seamount. Nature Geoscience, 5,
478–482.
Elliott, T., and Spiegelman, M., 2007. Melt migration in oceanic
crustal production: a U-series perspective. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3(14), 465–510.
Elthon, D., 1979. High magnesia liquids as the parental magma for
ocean floor basalts. Nature, 278, 514–518.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Perfit, M. R., and Baker, E. T.,
1991. Geology of the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca
Ridge: recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation
of megaplumes. Geology, 19, 771–775.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, Jr., W. W., Perfit, M. R., Smith, M. C.,
and Delaney. J. R., 2000. Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean
ridge accretion processes, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16501–16525.
Fornari, D. J., Von Damm, K. L., Bryce, J. G., Cowen, J. P., Ferrini,
V., Fundis, A., et al., 2012. The East Pacific Rise between 9
N
and 10
N: twenty-five years of integrated, multidisciplinary oceanic spreading center studies. Oceanography, 25, 18–43.
Fox, C. G., Dziak, R. P., Matsumoto, H., and Schreiner, A. E., 1994.
Potential for monitoring low-level seismicity on the Juan de
Fuca Ridge using military hydrophone arrays. Marine Technology Society Journal, 27, 22–30.
Gale, A., Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., Su, Y., and Schilling, J.G., 2013. The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 489–518.
Goss, A. R., Perfit, M. R., Ridley, W. I., Rubin, K. H., Kamenov,
G. D., Soule, S. A., Fundis, A., and Fornari, D. J., 2010. Geochemistry of lavas from the 2005–2006 eruption at the East
Pacific Rise, 9
46
0 N–9
56
0 N: Implications for ridge crest
plumbing and decadal changes in magma chamber compositions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11, Q05T09.
Graham, D. W., Blichert-Toft, J., Russo, C. J., Rubin, K. H., and
Albarède, F., 2006. Cryptic striations in the upper mantle
revealed by hafnium isotopes in Southeast Indian Ridge basalts.
Nature, 440, 199–202.
Gregg, T. K. P., and Fink, J. H., 1995. Quantification of submarine
lava-flow morphology through analog experiments. Geology,
23, 73–76.
Grove, T. L., Kinzler, R. J., and Bryan, W. B., 1992. Fractionation of
mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In Phipps Morgan, J.,
Blackman, D. K., and Sinton, J. M. (eds.), Mantle Flow and Melt
Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph,
Vol. 71, pp. 281–310.
Haase, K. M., Stroncik, N. A., Hékinian, R., and Stoffers, P., 2005.
Nb-depleted andesites from the Pacific-Antarctic rise as analogs
for early continental crust. Geology, 33, 921–924.
Hall, M., 1876. Note upon a portion of Basalt from the mid-Atlantic.
The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal, 1, 1–3.
Hamelin, B., and Allègre, C. J., 1985. Large-scale regional units in
the depleted upper mantle revealed by an isotope study of the
South-West Indian Ridge. Nature, 315, 196–199.
Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Pyle, D. G., and Christie, D. M.,
2004. Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM
511