mid-ocean ridge lava flows: insights into eruption, emplacement
and global variations in magma generation. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 188, 349–367.
Rubin, K. H., van der Zander, I., Smith, M. C., and Bergmanis,
E. C., 2005. Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism
from
210 Pb226 Ra230 Th disequilibria. Nature, 437, 534–538.
Rubin, K. H., Sinton, J. M., Maclennan, J., and Hellebrand, E.,
2009. Magmatic filtering of mantle compositions at mid-ocean
ridge volcanoes. Nature Geoscience, 2, 321–328.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, S. A., Chadwick, W. W., Fornari, D. J., Clague,
D. S., Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Perfit, M. R., Caress, D. W.,
and Dziak, R. P., 2012. Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea.
Oceanography, 25, 142–157.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, Fornari, D. J., Tolstoy, M. Bryce, J. G. Prado,
F., Wauldhauser, F., Shank, T. M. Perfit, M. R., and Von Damm,
K., 2015. First detailed study of a multiphase deep-sea
mid-ocean ridge eruption reveals new volcanic style (2015)
Russo, C. J., Rubin, K. H., and Graham, D. W., 2009. Mantle melting and magma supply to the Southeast Indian Ridge: the roles of
lithology and melting conditions from U-series disequilibria.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 278, 55–66.
Schilling, J.-G., 1991. Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle
plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating
mid-ocean ridges. Nature, 352, 397–403.
Schmitt, A. K., Perfit, M. R., Rubin, K. H., Stockli, D. F., Smith,
M. C., Cotsonika, L. A., Zellmer, G. F., Ridley, W. I., and
Lovera, O. M., 2011. Rapid cooling rates at an active
mid-ocean ridge from zircon thermochronology. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 302, 349–358.
Searle, R. C., Murton, B. J., Achenbach, K., LeBas, T., Tivey, M.,
Yeo, I., Cormier, M. H., Carlut, J., Ferreira, P., Mallows, C.,
et al., 2010. Structure and development of an axial volcanic
ridge: mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45
N. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 299, 228–241.
Sims, K. W. W., et al., 2012. Chemical and isotopic constraints
on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East
Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66,
3481–3504.
Singh, S. C., Kent, G. M., Collier, J. S., Harding, A. J., and Orcutt,
J. A., 1998. Melt to mush variations in crustal magma properties
along the ridge crest at the southern East Pacific Rise. Nature,
394, 874–878.
Sinton, J. M., and Detrick, R. S., 1992. Mid-ocean ridge magma
chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 197–216.
Sinton, J. M., Wilson, D., Christie, D. M., Hey, R. N., and Delaney,
J. R., 1983. Petrological consequences of rift propagation on
oceanic spreading ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
62, 193–207.
Sinton, J. M., Smaglik, S. M., Mahoney, J. J., and Macdonald, K. C.,
1991. Magmatic, processes at superfast spreading mid-ocean
ridges: glass compositional variations along the East Pacific
Rise, 13-23 S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96,
6133–6155.
Sinton, J., Bergmanis, E., Rubin, K. H., Batiza, R., Gregg, T. K.,
Grönvold, P. K., Macdonald, K., and White, S., 2002. Volcanic
eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the
superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, 17
-19
S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B6), 2115.
Small, C., 1998. Global systematics of mid-ocean ridge morphology. In Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson, J. A., and
Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean
Ridges. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph, Vol. 106, pp. 59–115.
Soule, S. A., Fornari, D. J., Perfit, M. R., and Rubin, K. H., 2007.
New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the
2005–2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9
46
0 N–9
56
0 N.
Geology, 35, 1079–1082.
Soule, S. A., Nakata, D. S., Fornari, D. J., Fundis, A. T., Perfit,
M. R., and Kurz, M. D., 2012. CO 2 variability in mid-ocean
ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: constraints on
eruption dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
327–328, 39–49.
Spiess, F. N., Macdonald, K. C., Atwater, T., Ballard, R., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V. M., Francheteau, J.,
Guerrero, J., et al., 1980. East pacific rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207, 1421–1433.
Standish, J. J., and Sims, K. W. W., 2010. Young off-axis volcanism
along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Nature
Geoscience, 3, 286–292.
Stracke, A., Bourdon, B., and McKenzie, D., 2006. Melt extraction
in the Earth’s mantle: constraints from U–Th–Pa–Ra studies in
oceanic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244,
97–112.
Stracke, A., Snow, J. E., Hellebrand, E., von der Handt, A.,
Bourdon, B., Birbaum, K., and Günther, D., 2011. Abyssal peridotite Hf isotopes identify extreme mantle depletion. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 308, 359–368.
Suhr, G., Hellebrand, E., Johnson, K. T. M., and Brunelli, D., 2008.
Stacked gabbro units and intervening mantle: a detailed look at a
section of IODP Leg 305, Hole U1309D. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q10007.
Tolstoy, M., Cowen, J. P., Baker, E. T., Fornari, D. J., Rubin, K. H.,
Shank, T. M., Waldhauser, F., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Forsyth,
D. W., Holmes, R. C., et al., 2006. A sea-floor spreading event
captured by seismometers. Science, 314, 1920–1922.
Von Damm, K. L., et al., 2004. Evolution of the hydrothermal system at East Pacific Rise 9
50
0 N: geochemical evidence for
changes in the upper oceanic crust. In German, C. R. (ed.),
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the
Lithosphere and Ocean. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union.
AGU
Geophysical
Monograph,
Vol.
148, pp. 285–304.
Wadge, G., 1982. Steady state volcanism: evidence from eruption
histories of polygenetic volcanoes. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 87, 4035–4049.
Wanless, V. D., Perfit, M. R., Ridley, W. I., and Klein, E., 2010.
Dacite petrogenesis on mid-ocean ridges: evidence for oceanic
crustal melting and assimilation. Journal of Petrology, 51,
2377–2410.
Waters, C. L., Sims, K. W. W., Klein, E. M., White, S. M., et al.,
2013. Sill to surface: linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9
03
0 N East
Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 369–370,
59–70.
White, S. M., Haymon, R. H., Fornari, D. J., Perfit, M. R., and
Macdonald, K. C., 2002. Volcanic structures and lava morphology of the East Pacific Rise, 9-10N: constraints on volcanic segmentation and eruptive processes at fast-spreading ridges.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, B8, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000571.
White, S. M., Crisp, J. A., and Spera, F. J., 2006. Long-term volumetric eruption rates and magma budgets. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Q03010.
Yeo, I., Searle, R. C., Achenbach, K. L., Le Bas, T. P., and Murton,
B. J., 2012. Eruptive hummocks: building blocks of the upper
ocean crust. Geology, 40, 91–94.
Cross-references
Axial Summit Troughs
Axial Volcanic Ridges
Crustal Accretion
Depleted Mantle
Explosive Volcanism in the Deep Sea
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM
513
and global variations in magma generation. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 188, 349–367.
Rubin, K. H., van der Zander, I., Smith, M. C., and Bergmanis,
E. C., 2005. Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism
from
210 Pb226 Ra230 Th disequilibria. Nature, 437, 534–538.
Rubin, K. H., Sinton, J. M., Maclennan, J., and Hellebrand, E.,
2009. Magmatic filtering of mantle compositions at mid-ocean
ridge volcanoes. Nature Geoscience, 2, 321–328.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, S. A., Chadwick, W. W., Fornari, D. J., Clague,
D. S., Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Perfit, M. R., Caress, D. W.,
and Dziak, R. P., 2012. Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea.
Oceanography, 25, 142–157.
Rubin, K. H., Soule, Fornari, D. J., Tolstoy, M. Bryce, J. G. Prado,
F., Wauldhauser, F., Shank, T. M. Perfit, M. R., and Von Damm,
K., 2015. First detailed study of a multiphase deep-sea
mid-ocean ridge eruption reveals new volcanic style (2015)
Russo, C. J., Rubin, K. H., and Graham, D. W., 2009. Mantle melting and magma supply to the Southeast Indian Ridge: the roles of
lithology and melting conditions from U-series disequilibria.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 278, 55–66.
Schilling, J.-G., 1991. Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle
plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating
mid-ocean ridges. Nature, 352, 397–403.
Schmitt, A. K., Perfit, M. R., Rubin, K. H., Stockli, D. F., Smith,
M. C., Cotsonika, L. A., Zellmer, G. F., Ridley, W. I., and
Lovera, O. M., 2011. Rapid cooling rates at an active
mid-ocean ridge from zircon thermochronology. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 302, 349–358.
Searle, R. C., Murton, B. J., Achenbach, K., LeBas, T., Tivey, M.,
Yeo, I., Cormier, M. H., Carlut, J., Ferreira, P., Mallows, C.,
et al., 2010. Structure and development of an axial volcanic
ridge: mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45
N. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 299, 228–241.
Sims, K. W. W., et al., 2012. Chemical and isotopic constraints
on the generation and transport of magma beneath the East
Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66,
3481–3504.
Singh, S. C., Kent, G. M., Collier, J. S., Harding, A. J., and Orcutt,
J. A., 1998. Melt to mush variations in crustal magma properties
along the ridge crest at the southern East Pacific Rise. Nature,
394, 874–878.
Sinton, J. M., and Detrick, R. S., 1992. Mid-ocean ridge magma
chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 197–216.
Sinton, J. M., Wilson, D., Christie, D. M., Hey, R. N., and Delaney,
J. R., 1983. Petrological consequences of rift propagation on
oceanic spreading ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
62, 193–207.
Sinton, J. M., Smaglik, S. M., Mahoney, J. J., and Macdonald, K. C.,
1991. Magmatic, processes at superfast spreading mid-ocean
ridges: glass compositional variations along the East Pacific
Rise, 13-23 S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96,
6133–6155.
Sinton, J., Bergmanis, E., Rubin, K. H., Batiza, R., Gregg, T. K.,
Grönvold, P. K., Macdonald, K., and White, S., 2002. Volcanic
eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the
superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, 17
-19
S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B6), 2115.
Small, C., 1998. Global systematics of mid-ocean ridge morphology. In Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson, J. A., and
Lagabrielle, Y. (eds.), Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean
Ridges. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union Monograph, Vol. 106, pp. 59–115.
Soule, S. A., Fornari, D. J., Perfit, M. R., and Rubin, K. H., 2007.
New insights into mid-ocean ridge volcanic processes from the
2005–2006 eruption of the East Pacific Rise, 9
46
0 N–9
56
0 N.
Geology, 35, 1079–1082.
Soule, S. A., Nakata, D. S., Fornari, D. J., Fundis, A. T., Perfit,
M. R., and Kurz, M. D., 2012. CO 2 variability in mid-ocean
ridge basalts from syn-emplacement degassing: constraints on
eruption dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
327–328, 39–49.
Spiess, F. N., Macdonald, K. C., Atwater, T., Ballard, R., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V. M., Francheteau, J.,
Guerrero, J., et al., 1980. East pacific rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207, 1421–1433.
Standish, J. J., and Sims, K. W. W., 2010. Young off-axis volcanism
along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Nature
Geoscience, 3, 286–292.
Stracke, A., Bourdon, B., and McKenzie, D., 2006. Melt extraction
in the Earth’s mantle: constraints from U–Th–Pa–Ra studies in
oceanic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244,
97–112.
Stracke, A., Snow, J. E., Hellebrand, E., von der Handt, A.,
Bourdon, B., Birbaum, K., and Günther, D., 2011. Abyssal peridotite Hf isotopes identify extreme mantle depletion. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 308, 359–368.
Suhr, G., Hellebrand, E., Johnson, K. T. M., and Brunelli, D., 2008.
Stacked gabbro units and intervening mantle: a detailed look at a
section of IODP Leg 305, Hole U1309D. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q10007.
Tolstoy, M., Cowen, J. P., Baker, E. T., Fornari, D. J., Rubin, K. H.,
Shank, T. M., Waldhauser, F., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Forsyth,
D. W., Holmes, R. C., et al., 2006. A sea-floor spreading event
captured by seismometers. Science, 314, 1920–1922.
Von Damm, K. L., et al., 2004. Evolution of the hydrothermal system at East Pacific Rise 9
50
0 N: geochemical evidence for
changes in the upper oceanic crust. In German, C. R. (ed.),
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the
Lithosphere and Ocean. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union.
AGU
Geophysical
Monograph,
Vol.
148, pp. 285–304.
Wadge, G., 1982. Steady state volcanism: evidence from eruption
histories of polygenetic volcanoes. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 87, 4035–4049.
Wanless, V. D., Perfit, M. R., Ridley, W. I., and Klein, E., 2010.
Dacite petrogenesis on mid-ocean ridges: evidence for oceanic
crustal melting and assimilation. Journal of Petrology, 51,
2377–2410.
Waters, C. L., Sims, K. W. W., Klein, E. M., White, S. M., et al.,
2013. Sill to surface: linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9
03
0 N East
Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 369–370,
59–70.
White, S. M., Haymon, R. H., Fornari, D. J., Perfit, M. R., and
Macdonald, K. C., 2002. Volcanic structures and lava morphology of the East Pacific Rise, 9-10N: constraints on volcanic segmentation and eruptive processes at fast-spreading ridges.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, B8, doi:10.1029/
2001JB000571.
White, S. M., Crisp, J. A., and Spera, F. J., 2006. Long-term volumetric eruption rates and magma budgets. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Q03010.
Yeo, I., Searle, R. C., Achenbach, K. L., Le Bas, T. P., and Murton,
B. J., 2012. Eruptive hummocks: building blocks of the upper
ocean crust. Geology, 40, 91–94.
Cross-references
Axial Summit Troughs
Axial Volcanic Ridges
Crustal Accretion
Depleted Mantle
Explosive Volcanism in the Deep Sea
MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM AND VOLCANISM
513